chap, xvii.] MAMMALIA. 225 



The genus Copra consists of several sub-groups which have 

 been named as genera, but it is unnecessary here to do more than 

 divide them into " Goats and Ibexes " on the one hand and 

 " Sheep " on the other — each comprising 11 species. The former 

 range over all the South European Alps from Spain to the Cau- 

 casus ; to Abyssinia, Persia, and Scinde ; over the high Himalayas 

 to E. Thibet and K China; with an outlying species in the 

 Neilgherries. The latter are only found in the mountains of Cor- 

 sica, Sardinia, and Crete, in Europe ; in Asia Minor, Persia, 

 and in Central and North-Eastern Asia, with one somewhat 

 isolated species in the Atlas mountains ; while in America a 

 species is found in the Rocky Mountains and the coast range 

 of California. Ovibos (1 sp.), the musk-sheep, inhabits Arctic 

 America north of lat. 60 ; but it occurs fossil in Post-glacial 

 gravels on the Yena and Obi in Siberia, in Germany and France 

 along with the Mammoth and with flint implements, and in 

 caves of the Reindeer period ; also in the brick earth in the 

 south of England, associated with Rhinoceros mcgarliinns and 

 Elephas antiquus. 



Extinct Bovidce. — In the caverns and diluviums of Europe, of 

 the Post-Pliocene period, the remains are found of extinct species 

 oiBos, Bison, and Copra; and in the caverns of the south of France 

 Rupicapra, and an antelope near Hippotragus. Bos and Bison 

 also occur in Pliocene deposits. In the Miocene of Europe, the 

 only remains are antelopes closely allied to existing species, and 

 these are especially numerous in Greece, where remains referred 

 to two living and four extinct genera have been discovered. In 

 the Miocene of India numerous extinct species of Bos, and two 

 extinct genera, Hemibos and Ampliibos, have been found, one of 

 them at a great elevation in Thibet. Antelopes, allied to living 

 Indian species, are chiefly found in the Nerbudda deposits. 



In North America, the only bovine remains are those of a 

 Bison, and a sheep or goat, in the Post-pliocene deposits ; and 

 of two species of musk-sheep, sometimes classed in a distinct 

 genus Boothcrium, from beds of the same age in Arkansas and 

 Ohio. Casoryx, from the Pliocene of Nebraska, is supposed to be 

 allied to the antelopes and to deer. 



