HORNBILLS. 63 



that the throwing of its body into the water will " make the river sick," and 

 that " the only way of getting rid of this is to wash it away to the sea, which can 

 only be done by heavy rains and flooding of the river." These hornbills seem to 

 be practically omnivorous, and devour great numbers of beetles, worms, mice, small 

 birds, etc. ' They generally associate in small companies, and when a snake is 

 discovered, they come round it, holding their wing stretched out and flapping the 

 reptile with it until it is irritated and seizes hold of the feathers, when all the 

 birds crowd round it and peck it, until it looses its hold ; this manoeuvre being 

 repeated till the snake is dead. If the latter advances, the birds fold both wings 

 in front of them, so as to form a shield, thus covering their head and other 

 vulnerable parts. Mr. Ayres says that their call-note, coo-coo, can be heard at a 

 distance of two miles. The nests are placed in the holes of trees, or in hollows 

 formed by three or four branches striking off from the same spot. 



Rhinoceros- The rhinoccros-hornbills form the typical representatives of the 



Hombiiis. second subfamily Bucerotince, all of which are more arboreal in their 

 habits than the last group, in consequence of which the metatarsus is proportion- 

 ately shorter, not exceeding the third toe and its claw in length. The subfamily 

 may be divided into two sections, according to the form of the tail. The first 

 section in which the tail is squared, includes the African trumpeter-hornbills 

 {Bycanistes), of which the head is figured on p. 61, the members of the present 

 genus, as well as several smaller forms, such as Penelopides of the Philippines and 

 Celebes, and Loplioceros of Africa ; the latter genus containing the smallest 

 member of the family, measuring only 15 inches in length. The common 

 rhinoceros-hornbill (Biiceros rhinoceros), inhabiting the Malay Peninsula and the 

 islands of Sumatra and Borneo, is of large size, measuring nearly 4 feet in length. 

 The colour is black, with a slight gloss of steel-blue or dark green ; the rump 

 and upper tail-coverts being white, as is also the tail, which has a broad bar of 

 black just before the tip ; while the under surface of the body is black, with the 

 exception of the lower abdomen, thighs, and under tail-coverts. The bill has a 

 large casque, with the fore-part turned up into a horn-like protuberance, whence 

 the bird's name of rhinoceros. The colour of the bill is whitish yellow, black at 

 the base, the casque lake-red, shading off below into orange near the base, which 

 is black ; and there is also a black line from the side of the nostrils to the fore- 

 part of the casque. The feet are yellowish green, and the iris deep lake. The 

 female resembles the male in colour, but has no black base, and no black median 

 line along the side of the casque. In the young birds there is no fully-developed 

 casque, but only a small orange-coloured excrescence on the top of the upper 

 mandible. In Java another species is found {B. sylvestris) with a nearly straight 

 casque. In many places this great bird is kept in a state of semi-domestication, 

 and Mr. Burbidge writing of one which he saw thus kept in Xorth-Eastern Borneo, 

 observes that "the rhinoceros-hornbill is very often seen in a state of domesticity, 

 enjoying at the same time perfect lilx-rty. When very young they arc taken from 

 the nest, and accommodated with a bit of old cloth in a l)asket as a bed, being fed 

 on rice and soft fruits, until they are strong enough to wamU'r about : they sit on 

 their haunches, wheezing and shrieking all day long, and continually clamouring 

 for food. Their beauty is about equal to that of a very fat badly-plucked goose. 



