240 The Botanical Gazette. [August, 
protection of the flowers against the winter cold, are the fol- 
lowing: Hedera Helix, Posidonia Caulini, Crocus spp., Narcis- 
sus serotinus, Sternbergia lutea, St. colchiciflora, Leucojum 
autumnale, Scilla intérmedia, species of Colchicum, Merendera 
Bulbocodium, Arim pictum, Biarum tenuifolium and Botry- 
anthus parviflorus. Of these species only Hedera Helix has 
aerial scaly buds. This species and Hamamelis Virginiana 
were discussed in a former paper. It was there also suggested 
that the scaly bud which in Hedera for some time encloses the 
flowering umbel is probably the remnant of a larger scaly bud 
which protected this umbel all winter, at a time when this 
plant flowered still in the spring. In Posidonia Caulini, the 
flower buds are protected by a sort of coarse bulb formed by the 
bases of the leaves. It flowers in October and fruits in February 
and March. B. Ardoino in his Flora des Alpes Maritimes, 
mentions a variety, P. major, as flowering in May and fruit- 
ing in August. The habit of P. Caulini to fruit in the spring 
is very suggestive of a former Spring flowering history for this 
plant, especially when the habits of the variety major be con- 
sidered. The coarse bulbs of this plant are probably most of 
the time covered by water. 
The flower buds ofthe remainder of these species were form- 
erly protected during winter in scaly subterranean bulbs, oF 
in the scaly buds crowning subterranean fleshy corms. In the 
following remarks it has been thought best to draw into the 
discussion related species of Europe and vicinity. ; 
vocus. In a review of the genus by G. Maw, 43 species af 
described as flowering in the spring, often very early, an < 
species as blossoming in the fall; 10 of the latter have i. 
leaves dormant during the flowering season. Whether ie 
flowers appear in the spring or the fall, with or er de 
leaves, it is a general rule that the leaves attain their ful fall 
velopment first as the fruit begins to ripen. Now as the ing 
“Uowering species develop their fruit first in the following SPF 4 
It follows that the leaves of a// the fall flowering speci® 
Not reach their full development until the following sP™ 8 
the period of fruiting. nly 
Narcissus. Ina review of the genus by J. G. Baker ON. 
three fall flowering species are mentioned: N. serotinus, - 
elegans, N. viridiflorus. Only in the first mentioned 
are the leaves not contemporaneous with the flowers 
usually not appearing until the scape dies down. 
