1 Challenger ' Lepidoptera. 419 



This species is very near to the folio wing, but much 

 smaller, and with the inner or anterior edge of the inner 

 border of the primaries distinctly sinuated j this, I believe, is 

 not an individual variation, but characteristic of the smaller 

 species, and is the first indication of a step in the direction 

 ot the T. hecabe group, in which this border is very much 

 abbreviated or wholly missing, 

 a An arrangement of the species of the present group to show 



gradation to T. hecabe would be as follows: — 



1. T. celebensis, Wall. ; 2. T. tominia, Voll. ; 3. T.zama, 

 Feld. ; 4. T. zita, Feld. j 5. T. rahel, Fabr. { = ?T. sinensis, 

 Luc.) ; 6. T. Lorquinii, Feld. ; 7. T. alitha, Feld. ; 8. T. 

 invida, Butl. ; 9. T. tilaha, Horsf. ; 10. T. eumede, Feld.; 

 11. T\ hecabe ^ Linn. 



There is, however, a distinct break between the two groups ; 

 and this makes the suggestion (Trans, Ent. Soc. 1882, p. 489) 

 that one of the most heavily bordered of them is a variety of 

 T. hecabe, the more preposterous. Of the eleven forms associa- 

 ted by Pryer, five only occur in Japan ; and of these two are 

 admitted hybrids. T. hecabe itself is Chinese; T. hecabeoides 

 and T. cesiope are Himalayan ; T. brenda strictly African ; 

 7\ sari, Malayan, having never been taken excepting in Java, 

 Borneo, and Malacca : these species also belong to five diffe- 

 rent sections of the genus, some of which (as shown above) 

 approach nearly to one another, but without actually running 

 together j thus T. brenda belongs to the same section with 

 T. soli/era and T. senegalensis, a section characterized by its 

 white or whitish females ; it is strictly African, no species 

 being known from any other part of the world. Next to 

 this comes the T. hecabe group, in which the females are sul- 

 phur-yellow ; thirdly, the T. cesiojje group, readily distin- 

 guished from both the preceding (and from any Terias found 

 in Japan) by the irregularly sinuous transverse subapical red- 

 brown streak on the under surface of the primaries ; fourthly, 

 we have the T. sari group, in which the sinuation of the 

 outer border of primaries is distinctly oblique and the apical 

 area of these wings below is occupied by a large quadrate 

 reddish chocolate patch ; and lastly the T tilaha group, to 

 which the more heavily bordered T. sinensis belongs, and which 

 is characterized by the black or black-brown internal border 

 to the primaries. 



67. Terias a lit ha. 

 Terias alitha, Felder, Wien. ent. Monatscbr. vi. p. 280. n. SI (1862). 



<$ ? . Pasananca valley, Mindanao. 



