ON NATIONAL GEOLOGICAL SURVEYS : — EUROPE. 223 



which are official, or which are reductions of official maps ; and of these 

 the notices are necessarily incomplete. 



Some interesting results come out from this investigation as regards 

 the relative amount of work done by private and official geologists. In 

 England the foundations of the survey, and in fact of all detailed field 

 geology, were laid by private workers, and a very large proportion of 

 English geological literature has always come from them. On the Conti- 

 nent this has rarely been so ; nearly all the surveys are directly due to 

 the Governments, and much of the geological literature comes from 

 those connected with the surveys, or from official mining engineers. 

 There, also, many professors of geology are connected with the surveys ; 

 this is not now the case in England, although many of its professors have 

 at one time served on the staff. 



The publications of the English Survey are confined to questions re- 

 lating to its work and progress ; but this is not always the case abroad. 

 The staffs of the Austrian and Prussian Surveys have always been active 

 in working at the geology of districts outside their own special areas, 

 which are by no means small. The best work of late years relating to 

 the geology of Turkey and Greece has been done by officers of the 

 Austrian Survey. 



Alsace-Lorraine. 



Commission fur die Geologische Landes-Untersuchung von Elsass-Lothringen 



(Strasburg). 



The director is E. Cohen. The map — ' Geologische Specialkarte von 

 Elsass-Lothringen,' is on the scale of 1 : 25,000. 



The publications are ' Abhandlungen,' with atlas, dating from 1875 ; 

 the first volume contains a Bibliography of the geology of Alsace-Lorraine, 

 by E. W. Benecke and H. Rosenbusch, pp. 77. 



A map of the environs of Strasburg — ' Geologische Karte der Umge- 

 gend von Strassburg,' by E. Schumacher, 1 : 25,000, 1883— gives special 

 agricultural information, like the maps near Berlin (see p. 230). 



Austro-H dngary. 

 Kaiserlich-Kdnigliche Geologische Reichsanstalt (Vienna). 



This Survey was established in 1849, withW. von Haidinger as director; 

 he was succeeded in 1867 by F. Bitter von Hauer. 1 Dionys Stur has 

 been vice-director since 1877. 



The field work of the survey, which is mostly done on the scale 

 of 1 : 25,000, is at present divided into four sections : — (1) under G. 

 Stache, in Tirol ; (2) under E. von Mojsisovics, in N. Styria ; (3) under 

 C. M. Paul, in the Galician Carpathians ; (4) under E. Tietze, in the 

 western and north-western parts. There is a large staff of assistant 

 geologists and others. 



There are in all about twenty- three official topographical maps of 

 Austro-Hungary or of parts of it, on scales from 1 : 12,500 downwards. 

 These are all being absorbed in the ' Neue Special-Karte,' scale 1 : 75,000, 

 on which the geological information is published ; the complete map 



1 Resigned early in 1885. 



