694 report— 1884. 



beds. In subsequent papers on the age of the beds containing Hipparion tbe same 

 •writer shows reasons for classing these strata in Italy, France (Vaucluse), and 

 Germany as intermediate between Miocene and Pliocene. This leaves the difficulty 

 unsolved, for he had shown the Pikermi beds to be high in the Pliocene system. 

 They rest unconformably upon certain fresh-water limestones, clays, &c, contain- 

 ing plants and mollusca, and classed by Gaudry as Miocene, but by Fuchs as 

 Pliocene. Thus by both writers the mammaliferous beds of Pikermi are referred 

 to a considerably later geological horizon than those containing identical species in 

 other parts of Europe. 



It would require too much time to enter into the still more difficult question of 

 the various plant-bearing beds in different parts of Europe and in Greenland con- 

 taining a flora classed by Heer and others as Miocene. Gardner has given reasons 

 for considering the Greenland beds Eocene ; Fuchs, as just stated, is of opinion that 

 the Greek beds are Pliocene. One point should be noted, that the more northern 

 flora is considered older than the more southern, and it will be remarked that the 

 same observation applies to the supposed Upper Miocene fauna of France and Ger- 

 many and the Pikermi fauna of Greece. 



Shaalik. — The next instance which I shall describe is another of the most im- 

 portant fossil mammalian faunas of the Old World, that found in the Upper Tertiary 

 beds that fringe the Himalayas on the south. The name applied to this fauna is 

 taken from one of the localities in which it was first found, the Siwalik (correctly, 

 I believe, Shib-wala) hills, between the Deyra Dun and the plains north by east 

 of Delhi. Bones of Siwalik mammalia are found, however, throughout a consider- 

 able area of the Northern Punjab. 



The Siwalik fauna has been worked out, chiefly by Falconer and Lydekkei% the 

 last-named being still engaged in describing the species. The following is a list of 

 the genera found in the true Siwalik beds : — * 



e"- 



MAMMALIA. 



Primates. — PttIaopifheeus,\Bp.\ Maoacus,2; Semnopithecus,\; Cynocephalus,2. 



Carnivora. — Mustela, 1 ; Mcllivora, 2 ; Melliwrodon, 1 ; Lutra, 3 ; Hyceno- 

 don, 1 ; Ursus, 1 ; Hyanaretus, 3 ; Canis, 2 ; Viverra, 2 ; Hycena, 4 ; 

 Hyernictis, 1 ; Lepthycena, 1 ; JEluropsis, 1 ; JElurogale, 1 ; Felis, 5 ; 

 Machcerodus, 2. 



Peoboscidea. — Elephas, 6 (Euelcphas, 1 ; Loxodon, 1 ; Stegodon, 4) ; Mastodon, 5. 



Uxgttlata. — Chalicotherium, 1 ; Rhinoceros, 3 ; Equus, 1 ; Hipparion, 2 

 Hippopotamus, 1 ; Tetrac.onodon, 1 ; Sus, 5 ; Hippo/iym, 1 ; Sanitherium, 1 

 Merycopotamus, 1 ; Cervus, 3; Dorcatherium, 2 ; Trayidus, 1 ; Moschus, 1 

 Pivpalceomeryx, 1 ; Camelopardalis, 1 ; Helladotherium, 1 ; Hydatpitherium, 2 

 Sivatlierium, ] ; Alcelajrfnt.*, 1 ; Gazella, 1 ; Antilopc, 2 ; Oreas (?), 1 

 Palceoryx (?), 1 ; Porta.v, 1 ; Hemibos, 3 ; Leptobos, 1 ; Bubalus, 2 ; Bison, 1 

 Bos, 3 ; Bucapra, 1 ; Capra, 2 ; Ovis, 1 ; Camelits, 1. 



PiODentia. — Mus (Nesolria), 1 ; Rhizomys, 1 ; Hystrix, 1 ; Lepits, 1. 



AVES. 



Graeulus, 1 : Pelecanus, 2 ; Leptoptila, 1 : Gen. non. det. cieonid., 1 ; Mergus, 1 ; 

 Struthio, 1 ; D)-om<vus, 1 ; Gen. non. det. struth., 1. 



PEPTILIA. 



Crocodteia. — Crocodilvs, 1 ; Gharialis, 3. 

 Lacertilia. — Varanus, 1. 



Cheloxla. — Colosmchehjs, 1 ; Testudo, 1 ; Bellia, 2 ; Damonia, 1 ; Emys, 1 ; 

 Cautleya, 1 ; Pangshura, 1 ; Emyda, 1 ; Trionyx, 1. 



1 Lydekker, J. A. S. B. 1880, pt. 2, p. 34 ; PalcroirtoloQia Indica, ser. x. vols. i. ii. 

 iii. ; Records Geol. Suit. India, 1883, p. 81. I am indebted to Mr. Lydekker for soma 

 unpublished additions, and for aid in coirmilinsr both the Siwalik and Pikermi lists. 



