TKANSAQHOKS OF SECTION F. 855 



14. Lakes fisheries. Trout, white-fish, sturgeon, bass, pike, maskinonge, &c. 

 How carried on. Steamers employed in the lakes fisheries. Annual value. Where 

 the fishes are sent to, and how sent. 



15. Canadian fisheries a great inducement for emigrants to come in this 

 country. 



16. Commercial and economical considerations relating to the Canadian 

 fisheries. 



7. On the Application of Scientific and Practical Arboriculture m Canada. 



By Professor Beowu. 



8. The Distribution of Canadian Forest Trees. By A. T. Drummond. 



The author pointed out that there are ninety-five species of forest trees in 

 Canada. The Province of Ontario has sixty-five species, of which sixty-one are 

 found in the districts bordering Lake Erie. Of these sixty-five species fifty-two 

 extend eastward to the Province of Quebec, thirty-five are found on the easterly 

 and westerly sides of Lake Superior, whilst only fourteen range westerly into the 

 prairie country at and beyond the Red River. Again, in British Columbia there are 

 thirty-five species, of which only seven extend eastward beyond the influence of the 

 Rocky Mountains, and with one exception those seven are well distributed over 

 the whole Dominion. Only three of the Canadian trees are identical with European 

 species, — the chestnut, white birch, and yew. Canada may be divided into four 

 great forest areas or zones, which may for convenience be termed the zones of the 

 (1) Douglas fir, occupying central and southern British Columbia; (2) poplars, 

 covering the whole country from the most northern limit of the growth of trees 

 southward, east of the Rocky Mountains, to the South Saskatchewan, Qu'Appelle 

 and Winnipeg rivers, Lake Nepigon and Anticosti, in the Gulf of St. Lawrence ; 

 (3) white and red pine, extending from Lake of the Woods and Lake Nepigon 

 to Anticosti, thence to the Georgian Bay, Lower Ottawa River, and Nova Scotia ; 

 ^4) beech and maple, occupying those parts of Ontario and Quebec lying south of 

 the zone of the pines. Along the shores of Lake Erie is what might be almost 

 regarded as a fifth zone, very circumscribed in area, but having within it several 

 outliers of the forests of the Middle States. The frequent peculiarities in range of 

 forest trees in Canada are due to physicial conditions and differences in climate, 

 resulting from differences in these conditions. The northern half of the American 

 ■continent consists, on the one side, of enormous stretches of continuous land, and 

 has, on the other, in its midst, immense areas of water and widely and deeply in- 

 dented shores, Labrador and the great section of country lying between Hudson 

 Bay and the Great Lakes and the Gulf of St. Lawrence being virtually one immense 

 peninsula. The double effect of a northern latitude and the presence of these great 

 bodies of water is very marked in the lower general temperature, the shorter 

 summers and more severe winters. These influences check the northern range of 

 forest trees beyond the outlet of Lake Superior, and, with the aid of the branch 

 Labrador current, prevent their extension down the St. Lawrence below Quebec. 

 The great chain of lakes from Superior to Ontario have not only their effect on 

 temperature, but, by their great width, create a barrier to the northward extension 

 into Canada of many United States forest trees. A remarkable feature in forest 

 distribution is the fact that immediately west of Lake Superior many of the most 

 important trees, as white pine, bass wood, red oak, and sugar maple are no longer 

 found. The prairie appears to form a barrier to westward distribution. The 

 prairies were probably at one time covered with trees which have been destroyed by 

 tire. The effect of this has been to. create a less rainfall, a quicker drainage from 

 the soil, & dry atmosphere, and constant exposure to high prairie winds, all of which 

 appear to be inimical to many forest trees. British Columbia has a distinctive 

 forest area of its own. The trees are largely of the pine family, and, with seven 

 exceptions, do not range east of the Rocky Mountains. They are similar to those 

 of Oregon and Washington, and the direction of the mountain ranges and similar 



