866 



REPORT — 1884. 



successions, and that countries which have public lands should grant them on lease 

 instead of alienating them in perpetuity. 



4. That the economic commune should he re-estahlished with the Allmend, as it 

 has continued to exist in Switzerland from the earliest times. 



5. That a land tax should he imposed and revised from time to time, in such a 

 way that the increase of income which is the result of the energies and progress 

 of the whole society should go, at least in part, to the profit of the State. 



6. That compensation should he given by law to the tenant for all unexhausted 

 improvements. 



4. Female Emir/ration. By Miss Maria Rye. 



5. Female Emigration. By Mrs. Burt. 



6. Female Emigration. By Mrs. Joyce. 



Population, Immigration, and Pauperism in the Dominion of Canada. 



By J. Lowe. 



8. On the Probability that a Marriage entered into at any Age will lie 

 Fruitful, and that a Marriage which has been Childless for several years 

 vrill subsequently become Fruitful. By T. B. Sprague, M.A. 



The author stated that this subject is of great practical importance in connection 

 with disentail proceedings in Scotland. Any entail can now be cut off by paying 

 to certain of the expectant heirs the calculated values of their expectations of 

 succeeding to the estate. When the proprietor is a bachelor, or a married man 

 without children, and the expectant heir is a brother, nephew, or remoter relation, 

 the expectant interest of the latter is liable to be defeated by the birth of issue. 

 and the probability of this has to be taken into account in calculating the value of 

 the expectant interest. Scarcely any statistical information bearing on this point 

 seems ever to have been published, and the author therefore found it necessary to 

 compile statistics from the records of the British peerage. He extracted particulars 

 of the marriages of 1522 men who were either peers at the close of the year 

 1870, or their near relatives — brothers, sons, uncles — the fathers being excluded for 

 the obvious reason that, as they all left at least one son, the inclusion of them in 

 the observations would give too large a proportion of fruitful marriages. Other 

 precautions were taken, which are fully described in the author's papers on the 

 subject, about to be published in the ' Journal of the Institute of Actuaries.' 



The general results obtained from an examination of the circumstances of the 

 1522 marriages are shown in the following table : 



In only about one-third of the cases could the wife's age at marriage be 

 ascertained. For these the results were as follows : 



