24 REPORT—1885. 
had acquired many important industries. The Moors and the Moriscoes, 
who had been in Spain for a period as long as from the Norman 
Conquest of this country to the present date, were banished, and with 
them departed the intellect of Spain. Then the invasion of the Low 
Countries by Philip II. drove the Flemish manufacturers to England, 
while the French persecution of the Huguenots added new manufacturing 
experience, and with them came the industries of cotton, wool, and silk. 
Cotton mixed with linen and wool became freely used, but it was only from 
1738 to the end of the century that the inventions of Wyatt, Arkwright, 
Hargreaves, Crompton, and Cartwright started the wonderful modern 
development. The raw cotton was imported from India or America, but 
that fact as regards cost was a small factor in comparison with the intellect 
required to convert it into a utility. Science has in the last hundred 
years altered altogether the old conditions of industrial competition. She 
has taught the rigid metals to convey and record our thoughts even to 
the most distant lands, and, within less limits, to reproduce our speech. 
This marvellous application of electricity has diminished the cares and 
responsibilities of Governments, while it has at the same time altered the 
whole practice of commerce. To England steam and electricity have 
been of incalculable advantage. The ocean, which once made the coun- 
try insular and isolated, is now the very life-blood of England and of 
the greater England beyond the seas. As in the human body the blood 
bathes all its parts, and through its travelling corpuscles carries force to 
all its members, so in the body politic of England and its pelagic exten- 
sions, steam has become the circulatory and electricity the nervous 
system. The colonies, being young countries, value their raw materials as 
their chief sources of wealth. When they become older they will dis- 
cover it is not in these, but in the culture of scientific intellect, that their 
future prosperity depends. Older nations recognise this as the law of 
progress more than’ we do; or, as Jules Simon tersely puts it—‘ That 
nation which most educates her people will become the greatest nation, 
if not to-day, certainly to-morrow.’ Higher education is the condition of 
higher prosperity, and the. nation which neglects to develop the intel- 
lectual factor of production must degenerate, for it cannot stand still. 
If we felt compelled to adopt the test of science given by Comte, that its 
value must be measured by fecundity, it might be prudent to claim indus- 
trial inventions as the immediate fruit of the tree of science, though only 
fruit which the prolific treehas shed. But the test is untrue in the sense 
indicated, or rather the fruit, according to the simile of Bacon, is like the 
golden apples which Aphrodite gave to the suitor of Atalanta, who lagged 
in her course by stooping to pick them up, and so lost the race. The 
true cultivators of the tree of science must seek their own reward by 
seeing it flourish, and let others devote their attention to the possible 
practical advantages which may result from their labours. 
There is, however, one intimate connection between science and in- 
dustry which I hope will he more intimate as scientific education becomes 
