RATE OF EROSION OF THE SEA-COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 429 
7. (1) a. 10 feet. b. 8 feet. (2) a. 70 yards. b. 50 yards. 
3. Clay; blue slipper with sand and shingle over. 
. Shingle. a. 20 yards mean; 50 yards greatest. wb. Up to high-water mark. 
ce. North-east. d. 5 inches by 3h inches. e. Continuous slope, except where 
affected by groynes, &c. With north wind there is a bank about 4 feet high 
formed at high-water mark, spring or neap tides. 
20. Accumulating under Yaverland. A sea-wall was built thirty years ago from 
Sandown eastward, to prevent the sea washing away the coast road running 
along the flat portion of the coast, about half a mile in length. Before that 
there was an accumulation of shingle at the east end of Sandown which has 
4 since been swept more eastward. 
“421. It is stolen now and then from the above low portion of the coast. 
42. a. Perpendicular to shore-line. b. From 60 to 250 feet. e. From 100 to 200 
q feet. d. (1) From 3 to 8 feet. (2) From 2 feet to 0, being sometimes 
covered with sand or shingle. e. Hitherto of wood; but last year (1883) two 
concrete groynes were built by Royal Engineers. f. The long groynes accumu- 
late a greater mass of shingle, because they arrest the travelling of the shingle; 
the shorter groynes accumulate it chiefly at foot of sea wall. To preserve the 
latter from being exposed, and the blue slipper on which it is built from being 
washed away, numerous short groynes are necessary; but long groynes at 
intervals are required to arrest a large quantity of shingle. 
13. Of late years all removal of shingle has been forbidden between tide-marks. 
4. a. At Yaverland and Redcliff, about 100 feet in places in last thirty years, but a 
sea-wall has now been built at foot of cliff, opposite Yaverland. b. 100 feet to 
150 feet ; clay and sand mixed. e. No change observable for some years, 
probably because of the shingle now accumulating at foot of cliff. 4. Origin- 
ally the land between Brading Harbour and Sandown was covered by the sea. 
e. Probably (vide e). 
45. The groynes east of Sandown to protect sea-wall do not appear to have prevented 
the accumulation of shingle at Yaverland. 
6. No. 
t7. Yes, at St. Helens. a. Called ‘Douvre.’ b. 8 feet and 10 feet. ec. At the 
mouth of the stream called the Yar, which runs into Brading Harbour. d. No. 
e. No. They are local drifts from the sands near Brading. 
‘8. Brading Harbour, &c. 
By RIcHARD B. GRANTHAM, F.G.S., M.Inst.C.E, 
L. Iknow the coast commencing at the north point of Culver Cliff, and proceeding 
to Foreland. From the eroded beds of the Chalk, the coast is covered with 
stones lying on the red and green Clay of the Bembridge Clay. The coast has 
been very much eroded all round, to the Yar and Bembridge Point, where there 
is Sand and gravel, and a ledge of rock at Nodes Point, on the other side of 
the Yar. I and my son are consulting engineers to the Brading Harbour 
Company; we have executed the reclamation and harbour works on the Yar. 
2. There are no tide-marks or means of noting the erosion, and there are no cliffs 
for this distance. At the entrance of the River Yar there are the remains of 
an old church, from which northwards the cliffs begin to rise gradually to 
about 100 feet. They consist of pale-greenish and yellowish Marls and Clays, 
hardening into Sandstones (with Melania excavata), dipping from the east- 
ward, and rocks appearing on the shore ; the whole in the Bembridge series. 
Along a great part of these cliffs the proprietor built a wall at the foot to 
protect them from slipping, but the water in them forced out the strata, 
and parts of the wall have fallen, and have not been repaired as occasion 
required. But the wall has generally stopped the erosion, and would have 
___ done so entirely if timely attention had been paid to it. 
E » The direction of the coast-line from the Culver, above described, is north-east to 
Foreland ; thence to the Yar, north-west ; from the Yar to the Priory Estate 
due north, and thence to Nettlestone Point, north by west, to Sea View. 
