RATE OF BROSION OF THE SEA-COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 431 
. 5.W. nine out of twelve months (off shore), 
5. a. S.S HE. to E.S.E. b. N.W. with aspring tide and swell deposits shingle in 
small quantities round Nettlestone Point, and round the fort at St. Helens. 
e. 5.W. clears the shingle from Nettlestone Point, and replaces it with sand. 
6. In shore at Nettlestone Point, tide runs 5} hours W. on flood at 33 knots; 64 
t hours E. on ebb at 2} knots. Off shore at Spithead, tide runs 5 hours W., 
7 hours E. 
7. (1) a. 18 feet. b. 11 feet. (2) At Nettlestone Point about 100 yards. Thence 
to Sea View Pier, about 150 yards. To end of sandbank outside Horestone Point 
rocks, about 250 yards. Horestone to Node’s Point, about 200 yards. Node’s 
Point to the Dovers, 300 yards to 500 yards. All at spring tides; half these 
§ distances at neap tides. 
®. It consists of sand,-limestone, or marl covered slightly with sand, gravel, or 
shingle, according to wind and tide; but between Sea View Pier and Hore- 
stone Point there are always 100 yards of clear sand. Opposite the Priory, and 
’ extending south of Node’s Point, limestone beds appear on the level of the 
2 beach. 
9. a. There is never any large quantity, except round St. Helens Fort. b. Accu- 
f mulates near high-water mark, but varies with every tide. e. N.W. to S.E. 
q d. Would pass through a 3-inch mesh. e. On Sand or mud shingle lies evenly 
+ and thinly ; on rocky beach—Limestone beds—it fills the fissures. 
20. Neither. In travelling 8.E.,a N.W. wind with a high spring tide to E. causes 
* an eddy round Nettlestone Point, depositing shingle. It also is interrupted 
i by St. Helens Fort. In 8.E. gales, the backwash of the waves clears the coast 
3 of shingle. 
11. Not diminishing (see 13.) 
_ 12. Groynes are employed between Nettlestone Point and Sea View Pier, to protect 
* the sand-beach from shingle, and to protect the sea-wall. Also north of Node’s 
a Point, 50 yards apart, rubble masonry at right angles to sea-wall, 5 feet thick 
. te at base, 5 feet high, and semicircular at top. a. Right angles. b. About 30 
: yards. e¢. About 30 yards. d. Present height, 3 to 4 feet above beach; present 
a depth, wood about 5 to 7 feet, concrete 3 to 4 feet; apparent height varies 
im with deposit left at each tide. e. A single row of halved 12-inch piles 
a (4-round) with a longitudinal plank spiked on, or a straight wall of concrete 
ve 18 inches to 2 feet thick. f. Protect the sea-wall. 
23. At Nettlestone Point only. a. Base of sea-wall at high-water mark. b. Build- 
n ing and roads. e. Private individuals. d. No; but the accumulated shingle 
- at high-water mark protected the base of the sea-wall, now exposed. 
24. a. From the Priory to Old. Church ruins, principally round Node’s Point. 
& b. 50 to 105 feet at the top of inner slip. e. Average 7 feet in 12 months 
8 at present, but going locally about 20 feet at a time in a single slip, the con- 
g tents of which, in 8.E. gales, are carried off by the sea. The rate is increased 
0 by heavy rains and wet winters, as the slip is in the first place independent of 
4 the sea, which only removes the débris, which by its weight and the pressure 
Rit of retained water forces out the sea-wall at its base. e. Yes, it is independent 
5 of the presence of shingle. 
“45. No. The course of the shingle lies outside the groynes, setting S.S.E. from 
¥ Nettlestone Point. 
6. None north of Brading Harbour, in which a company is reclaiming a large area 
by dredging and embankments. 
17. Between Church Ruins and Ferry House on north side of entrance to Bembridge 
. Harbour. a. At the Dovers (pronounced Duvvers). b. Mean 5 feet, some 15 feet, 
above high-water mark, ordinary spring tide. e. Occupying the north side of 
it the entrance to Brading Harbour, opposite Bembridge, and the spit called St. 
ws Helens Sandbank. Brading Harbour forms the mouth of the River Yar. 
w d. No. e. Yes; but as the ground is used for golf links, short grass has 
made a surface on the inside of the outer line of dunes, which prevents the 
Bes heaps themselves from travelling. They form an embankment at high-water 
9 mark. 
29. The serious loss of rich land at the top of the cliff is due primarily to the action 
of the Clay, or the ‘ blue slipper’ (as is best seen at the undercliff of the Isle of 
Wight). This accumulates the rainfall, which presses against the sea-wall 
at the foot of the slopes. There is not more than one 3-inch weephole to 
8 yards of wall, which is quite insufficient to relieve the pressure. The wall 
