TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION C. 1021 
Northern Atlantic, formerly flowed into the Pacific Ocean, leaving the entire 
Northern Atlantic at its mean normal latitude temperature in comparison with 
other oceans. 
2. A former depression of North America in W. long. 80° to 90°, by which the 
northern tropical current, now deflected by resistance of land through the Straits of 
Florida, formerly flowed where we have at present the Mississippi valley, the 
great American lakes, and Hudson's Bay, by which cause warm currents bathed 
the western coast of Greenland, and, turning to the north of this continent, produced 
a compensating return current from the Arctic regions which flowed southward 
along Western Europe and Great Britain, bringing with it icebergs, as at present 
the compensating current to the Gulf Stream brings icebergs to the coast of 
Labrador. 
3. Higher elevation of some interior part of Great Britain of the older strata now 
denuded, by which, at the temperature then ruling, glaciers flowed from the 
interior. 
For the general principles of oceanic circulation reference was made to the 
discussion of this subject, given by the author in his work on fluids, 
9. On the Fynnon Beuno and Cae Gwyn Bone-Caves, North Wales. 
By H. Hicss, W.D., F.B.S., F.G.S. 
In the ‘ Proceedings of the Geolog. Assoc.’ vol. ix. No. 1, [have given an account 
of the discovery of two bone-caves in the carboniferous rocks on the east side of the 
Vale of Clwyd, North Wales, and of the researches carried on in those caverns by 
Mr. Luxmoore, of St. Asaph, and myself, in the summers of 1883 and 1884. This 
summer, by the aid of a grant from the Royal Society (the Government grant), we 
were enabled to employ a staff of workmen, under our personal supervision, to ex- 
plore these caverns more thoroughly, and with very satisfactory results. Our main 
object was to gain a clear idea of the physical conditions of the area when the 
caverns were filled with the deposits, and of the manner in which the remains had 
been conveyed into them. These points we think we have been able to prove to 
satisfaction, but it may be advisable to continue the researches for the purpose of 
obtaining as much confirmatory evidence as possible. 
In the Cae Gwyn Cavern all the deposits were entirely undisturbed except by 
burrowing animals when we first discovered it, and great care was taken throughout 
to notice the conditions of the materials. The deposits in this cavern consisted of, 
first, a reddish clayey earth, varying in depth from two to four feet. Below this 
was found a more compact deposit consisting of thin layers of a fine marly clay. 
about 18 inches in thickness, and under this the material containing the bones 
This material consisted of a reddish clay, with sand in places, and contained many 
boulders similar to those found in the boulder clays of the district. Large frag- 
ments of a stalagmite floor and of stalactites occurred also init, showing that the 
water action which disturbed the original materials in the cave must have been of a 
violent nature. Under this was found a gravelly deposit, containing fragments. 
mainly from the hills above, and no bones. In this cavern the deposits, except the 
lowest, have been cleared out to a distance from the entrance of over 150 feet. 
This cavern is for the most part a true tunnel cavern with well smoothed roof and 
sides. The largest chamber has just been reached at a little over 150 feet from 
the entrance. It is over 11 feet in lencth and 9 feet in height. The other chambers 
are small, being mainly dilatations of the tunnel, which varies from 3 to 9 feet in 
width. Extending from a small chamber, about 45 feet from the entrance, there 
is another branch tunnel whichhas been explored to a distance of about 16 feet. 
The bones discovered in this cavern, according to Mr. W. Davies, F.G.S., of the 
British Museum, to whom they have been submitted, belong to the lion, hyzna,. 
bear, badger, wolf, fox, great Irish deer, reindeer, red deer, roebuck, rhinoceros, and 
horse. A flint scraper was also found last year in association with the remains at: 
a distance of 45 feet from the entrance. 
The Fynnon Beuno Cavern is partly a fissure and partly a tunnel cayern, From 
