1022 REPORT—1885. 
the entrance inwards for a distance of about 40 feet it is a true tunnel cavern, and 
there is a branch tunnel extending from this for a further distance of over 50 feet, 
ultimately opening out on the hill side above the main entrance. Another tunnel 
communicates with an extensive fissure cayern, which had evidently been disturbed 
at some time by mining operations, though I could obtain no information as to when. 
In the undisturbed parts of this cavern the deposits were of a similar character to 
those in the Cae Gwyn Cave. This cavern, however, being for some extent an open 
eayern, had probably been inhabited in Neolithic, or perhaps later times, as a 
quantity of charcoal was found at two points at distances of from 20 to 24 feet from 
the entrance. Several well-worked flint flakes were found at different points in this 
cayern, in association with bones of the mammoth, rhinoceros, &c. Dr. Evans 
recognised them as of the type of the wrought flakes found in Kent’s Cavern, They 
also, like those found in Kent’s Cayern, are white and porcellanous, and all show 
indications of haying been used, but not rolled by water action. Worked bones 
and others broken by man were also found. The bones, which were exceedingly 
plentiful in the cavern, were found to have been gnawed freely, and evidently 
when in a fresh condition, hence showing clearly that they had been conveyed into 
the cavern soon after the animals had died. Some albwm grecum was also found 
in each of the caverns, therefore the eyidence points clearly to their having been 
dens occupied by the beasts of prey. I think we are quite justified also in sup- 
posing, from the positions of the flakes and worked bones, that the caverns were 
occupied by man, or at least that the district was inhabited by man when the 
mammoth, rhinoceros, reindeer, hyzena, &c., roamed about the area. 
The bones found in this cavern belonged to the following animals, viz., lion, 
wild cat, hysena, bear, wolf, fox, wild boar, great Irish deer, reindeer, red deer, roe- 
buck, bos, mammoth, rhinoceros, and horse. The remains were much more plentiful 
in the Fynnon Beuno than in the Cae Gwyn Caye. Among the specimens found 
in the two, there were over 80 jaws belonging to various animals, and more than 
1,300 loose teeth, including about 400 rhinoceros, 15 mammoth, 180 hyena, and 
500 horse teeth. Other bones and fragments of bones occurred also in very great 
abundance. 
As these caverns are about 400 feet above present sea level, and nearly 300 feet 
above the river Clwyd (the hei¢ht given in my paper to the Geologists’ Association 
was understated), it is clear that great physical changes must have taken place in 
this area since the time that the marine sand was conveyed into these caverns. 
The broken stalagmite floor, sometimes 10 to 12 inches in thickness, and the 
broken stalactites 6 to 8 inches across, show that the water action must have been 
also of a violent nature. The position of the bones in some places under still 
adherent parts of this stalagmite, and the presence of marine sand in the hollow 
parts of the bones, show that the bones must have been in the caverns before the 
sea finally receded from them. The presence also of a material, in every respect 
like the boulder clay of the district filling up the cayerns, points to the probability 
that the so-called Upper Boulder clays of this district were deposited for the most 
part at the time, or subsequent to the infilling of these caverns. Along the hill- 
sides in the ravine in which the caverns are situated, sands and clays similar to 
those found in the caverns, and containing marine shells, are found at about the 
same horizon and in the hills to the 8.E. at much greater elevations. Cae Gwyn 
Cave is over 60 feet, and Fynnon Beuno 42 feet above the level of the little stream, 
a tributary of the Clwyd in the ravine in which they are situated. These facts 
suggest the following as the probable changes indicated by the deposits in the 
caverns :—The lowest deposit in the caverns, consisting almost entirely of local 
materials, was introduced into them by the river which then flowed in the valley 
at a very much higher Jevel than at present. As time went on the valley deepened, 
and the caverns were above the reach of the floods. They then became the abode 
of hysenas and other beasts of prey. Subsequently there was a period of great, 
submergence, and when the caverns were on a level with the sea, they were filled 
with sandy materials and the bones were embedded in it, The following are the 
results which have to be accounted for: (a) The infilling of the caverns by local 
grayels; (b) the occupation of the caverns by beasts of prey; (c) the formation 
