1120 REPORT—1 885. 
modern geodetic instruments of the Survey; by Jacob—afterwards Government 
Astronomer at Madras—Rivers, and Haig, all of the Bombay Engineers ; Tennant, 
C.LE., F.R.S., Bengal Engineers, afterwards Master of the Mint in Calcutta; 
Montgomerie, F'.R.S., of the Bengal Engineers, whose name is best remembered 
in connection with the Trans-Himalayan geographical operations; James Basevi, of 
the Bengal Engineers, who so sadly died of exposure while engaged on the pendulum 
operations in the higher Himalayas; Branfill, of the Bengal Cavalry; Thuillier, 
Carter, Campbell, Trotter, Heaviside, Rogers, Hill, and Baird, F.R.S., all engineer 
officers; also Hennessey, C.I.E., F.R.S., M.A., Herschel, F.R.S., and Cole, M.A., 
whose names are intimately associated with the collateral mathematical inyestiga- 
tions and the final reduction of the principal triangulation. 
The Trigonometrical Survey owes very much to the liberal and even generous 
support which it has invariably received from the Supreme Government, with the 
sanction and approval, first of the Directors of the East India Company, and after- 
wards of the Secretary of State for India. In times of war and financial embarrass- 
ment the scope of the operations has been curtailed, the establishments have been 
reduced, and some of the military officers sent to join the armies in the field; but 
whatever the crisis, the operations have never been wholly suspended. Even during 
the troubles of 1857-58, following the mutiny of the native army, they were 
carried on in some parts of the country though arrested in others; and the 
then Viceroy, Lord Canning, on receiving the reports of the progress of the 
operations during that eventful period, immediately acknowledged them to the 
Surveyor-General, Colonel Waugh, in a letter from which the following extract is 
taken : 
‘T cannot resist telling you at once with how much satisfaction I have seen 
these papers. It is a pleasure to turn from the troubles and anxieties with which 
India is still beset, and to find that a gigantic work, of permanent peaceful useful- 
ness, and one which will assuredly take the highest rank as a work of scientific 
labour and skill, has been steadily and rapidly progressing through all the turmoil 
of the last two years.’ 
The operations have been uninfluenced by changes of personnel in the adminis- 
tration of the Indian Empire, as Governor-Generals and Viceroys succeeded each: 
other, but have met with uniform and consistent support and encouragement. It 
may well be doubted whether any similar undertaking, in any other part of the 
world, has been equally favoured and as munificently maintained. 
In conclusion I must state that I have purposely said nothing of the graphical 
operations executed in the Trigonometrical and other branches of the Survey of 
India, because they are more generally known, their results appear in maps which 
speak for themselves, and time would not permit of my attempting to describe 
them also. They comprise, jist, the general topography of all India, mostly on 
the standard scale of 1 inch to the mile; secondly, geographical surveys and ex- 
plorations of regions beyond the British frontier, notably such as are being 
carried on at the present time on the Russo-Afghan frontier, by Major Holdich 
and other officers of the Survey; thirdly, the so-called Revenue Survey of the 
British districts in the Bengal Presidency, which is simply a topographical survey 
on an enlarged scale—4 inches to the mile—showing the boundaries and areas of 
villages for fiscal requirements; and fourthly, the Cadastral Survey of certain of 
the British districts in the Bengal Presidency, showing fields and the boundaries 
of all properties, on scales of 16 to 52 inches to the mile. There are also certain 
large scale surveys of portions of British districts in the Madras and Bombay 
Presidencies, which, though undertaken originally for purely fiscal purposes by 
yeyenue and settlement officers working independently of the professional survey, 
have latterly been required to contribute their quota to the general topography of 
the country. And of late years a survey branch has been added to the Forest 
Department, to provide it with working maps constructed for its own require- 
ments on a larger scale than the standard topographical scale, but on a trigono- 
metrical basis, and in co-operation with the Survey Department. But this brief 
capitulation gives no sort of idea of the vast amount of valuable topographical and 
other work for the requirements of the local Administrations and the public at 
