TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION H. 1219 
depth from the original floor was without much doubt about 6 métres (20 or 
more feet). 
Professor Boyd Dawkins believes these caverns to be of ‘ doubtful antiquity.’ I 
suppose he means their occupation by man to be of doubtful antiquity. He 
asserts there is nothing to show that the earth has not been disturbed down to the 
layer at which the skeletons were found; and Monsieur Mortillet classes Monsieur 
Riviére’s homme de Menton as neolithic, because of the interment and of the 
bone potncon and shell beads found with him. 
The new discovery dissipates all idea of disturbance, for while disturbance 
might exist for one or two, or eyen five or six feet, to the depth of twenty or 
thirty feet it would be impossible. 
It must be conceded that the human industry, as manifested by the objects 
found in these caverns, indicates their occupation during the paleolithic age, for of 
the thousands found all bear the impress of that age, while none denote particularly 
the age of polished stone. 
To say that the interment belongs to an occupation subsequent to that indicated 
by the implements found in the cavern, means an interment made by a subsequent 
race, and consequently made from the then surface or floor of the cavern. This 
would require a grave to be dug by the neolithic man with his fingers, his 
stone hatchet, or his deer-horn pick, to a depth of from 6 to 9 métres, or 20 to 
30 feet. This, in earth packed hard and solid, filled with sharp stones, flint chips 
and implements, and bone splinters, may be regarded as improbable, if not im- 
ossible. 
; Tt took Messieurs Riviére and Julien, with a full corps of trained and paid 
workmen, working under an overseer, and armed with all modern implements, steel 
picks and shovels, barrows, &c., from one to three months’ steady work to arrive at 
the same depth. 
That there was an interment would seem to be undoubted, but it was made from 
a reasonable depth, and was sufficient to serve the purposes of protection and safety 
of the body. A ‘reasonable depth’ say from three to eight feet for this purpose 
would seem to indicate the occupation and industry of that people to which the 
deceased in his lifetime belonged. This is clearly paleolithic, and not neolithie— 
is, in fact, the Madélienne époque of Monsieur de Mortillet, if not earlier, and 
approaching the Moustérienne. 
The occupation of this country by prehistoric man would seem to be divided 
into three zones or belts: 
1. On the border of the sea, by the paleolithic man. Possibly the glaciers 
prevented his occupation farther inland, or destroyed the evidence of it, if any 
existed. 
2. On the heights, and inland for a few miles, by the neolithic man, where are 
to be found pottery, flint, and in some places bronze. 
3, All that country farther inland and among the mountains, in which, as yet, 
none or very few prehistoric remains of any age have been found. 
3. Happaway Cavern, Torquay. By Wit11AM PencELty, F.R.S., F.G.S. 
Happaway Cavern occupies the south-western slope of a Devonian limestone 
hill bounding the principal street of Torquay, and is about 200 feet above the sea. 
Tt was discovered in October 1862 by quarrymen breaking into it in the ordinary 
course of their work, and, at the request of the late Lord Haldon, the proprietor, 
the author undertook its exploration in June 1863, when he performed the manual 
labour with his own hands in order to eliminate all possibility of doubt respecting 
the genuineness, as well as the exact positions and associations, of such objects of 
interest as might be found. 
The cavern, when completely emptied in 1866, proved to be about 46 feet long, 
from 10 to 15 feet broad, and 10 feet high. There was no stalagmitic floor, nor 
412 
