852 EEPORT— 1886. 



X3t a. A considerable quantity of shingle has been taken from the beach at Clacton, 

 at about high-water mark, for road-making, and for concrete for building. 

 d. It is said that some forty or fifty years ago cement stone was dredged and 

 otherwise removed in front of Felixstowe, which removal had an injurious 

 effect upon the coast, but the practice has long been discontinued. 



1ft. Yes. a. At Felixstowe, between the ' Lodge Point ' and Martello Tower P. At 

 Walton-on-the-Naze and Frinton. b. At Felixstowe the greatest loss was 

 where there was ' flat ' ' Benthill " at the foot of cliffs. At Walton and Frinton, 

 London Clay cliffs 40 to 68 feet above high water, c. In places as much as 

 100 feet in ten years, but a fair average would be about half that amount. 

 The loss at Felixstowe is practically slopped by groynes on beach, d. The tithe 

 maps of the parishes in question should be compared with the ^J^ Ordnance 

 Sm'vey of 1874. e. At Walton and Frinton it is, practically. The existence 

 in the cliffs of potholes of sand and gravel containing water is also a cause 

 of subsidence ; the water breaking out on the base, carrying the sand with it, 

 loosens large masses of the upper part of cliff. 



15. The loss of land at Walton and Frinton has gone on from time immemorial ; but 



it has been noticed that since the construction of the Harwich Harbour Con- 

 servancy Board's works at Lnndguard Point there has been a greater scarcity 

 of shingle on the beach at Walton and Frinton. 



16. No. 



17. Part of Landguard Common and the land at the mouth of the Deben is formed of 



' blown sand ' covering the top of a shingle beach, a. Locally called ' Bent- 

 hills.' !>. From 3 to 10 feet above high-water mark. d. That at Landguard 

 Point is increasing, in consequence of the Conservancy Board's jetty, e. No; 

 prevented by the ' bent grass ' or ' marram.' 



18. Tracing accompanies this paper, showing Harwich Harbour Conservancy Board's 



works at entrance of harbour, and the scouring away of Landguard Point to 

 the S.W., and accumulation of beach to the N.E. of same. As to which, see 

 also various Reports presented to and published by the authority of Parliament. 



4. Great Yarmouth. 



By Major A. G. Clayton, R.E., Norwich. 



1. Great Yarmouth, Norfolk. 



2. Flat sand. 



3. North and south. 



4. Variable. 



5. a. North-west. b. West-north-west. c. Shingle does not travel. 



6. North and south. 



7. (1) a. 4 feet. b. 3 feet. (2) About 50 yards. 



8. Sand, but at certain periods, generallj' spring and autumn, banks of shingle are 



thrown up. 



9. d. About the size of a walnut, e. The shingle is in detached banks only. 



10. Apparently diminishing. 



11. Yes. 



12. There are no groynes. 



13. a. Between high and low water, b. Ballast for fishing smacks and for roads. 



c. Chiefly private individuals, d. No. 



14. No. 



16. No. 



17. Yes. a. 'Denes.' b. 5 feet— 8 feet. d. No. e. No. 



5. Aldeburgh to Cromer. 



By W. Teasdell, C.E., Yarmouth, Norfolk. 



1. English coast, from Aldeburgh to Cromer. 



2. a. Sandy hills and cliffs, b. (1) About 80 or 90 feet. (3) From 10 to 30 feet. 



3. From south-east to north-west. 



