BATE OF EKOSIOK OF THE SEA-COASTS OF ENGLAND AND WALES. 855 



to the new conditions. The groynes near Eccles seem to have efEectually 

 stopped denudation, and do not appear ever to have caused a scour. 



16. No. 



17. Yes; but they are of more importance further south, at Yarmouth, &c. 



a. Slarram Hills. 

 19. The greatest denudation is caused by N.N.W. gales. On-shore winds do com- 

 paratively little. The tides scour, during gales, to so great a depth that no 

 groynes can permanently protect this coast ; probably they cannot even alter 

 the average rate of denudation during a long period. 



8. The North-West Coast of Norfolk. 



By J. S. Valentine, M.Inst.C.B., 6 Queen Anne's Gate, Westminster. 



1. The north-west coast of Norfolk. 



2. The coast from King's Lynn to Wells is flat, with the exception of Hunstanton 



Cliff, which extends from the village of Hunstanton St. Edmund's on the 

 south to the old village of Hunstanton on the north, a distance of about 

 1\ mile. 



a. The cliff is composed of Lower Greensand and the lower beds of the 

 Chalk, separated by a band of Red Chalk about 3 feet tliick. The dip of the 

 strata is to the north and east. 



b. The greatest height of the clifE is 60 feet above high-water mark at 

 the lighthouse, decreasing to the level of the beach at each end. 



There are dunes of blown sand at Holme, and at Holkham, near Wells. 



3. From Lynn to St. Edmund's Point about E.N.E. ; thence to Gore Point trend- 



ing towards the east ; from Gore Point nearly due east. 



4. North-west and south-west. 



5. a, b, c. North-west. 



6. The flow of the tide is to the south. 



7. Spring tides in Lynn Roads range 23 feet 3 inches; neap tides 14 feet 2 inches. 



Opposite Hunstanton Cliff the width from high- to low-water mark in 

 spring tides is 600 yards. 



8. The area covered by the tide is principally sand. 



Along the base of Hunstanton Cliff, when the sand is swept away during 

 north winds, the Lower Greensand (whith contains a considerable amount of 

 iron) forms the foreshore. The rock is divided by joints running seawards at 

 right angles to the cliff. 



The greatest accumulation of shingle is between Hunstanton Cliff and 

 Wolferton Creek, seven miles ; south of which there is none or very little. 



9. a. Various, c. North to south, d. Generally small. 



10. There has been no apparent diminution during the time I have noticed it — say 



twenty-five years, 



11. See 13. 



12. The groynes are generally at right angles to the shore ; but in some instances I 



have erected short spur-groynes on the leeward side, which have collected 

 shingle in larger quantities, and so stopped the cutting away of the top of 

 the beach, which occurred before these spur-groynes were erected. 



In 1862 the sea broke through the Heacham Beach. I then erected a 



TOP OF BEACH. 



Trawl of shingle — 



\ 



number of groynes, as described above, which have accumulated a strong 

 beach. (See examples near the Eifle Butt.) 

 The groynes are constructed of timber. 



