856 REPOET — 1886. 



13. a. The principal part of tbe shingle removed artificially is taken from Snittes- 

 ham beach, about five miles south of Hunstanton. It is there that the shingle 

 accumulates. 



b. For road-making in Marshland and the Fens, and for concrete for public 

 ■works along the coast. 



c. It is sold by the lord of the manor to road surveyors, contractors, &c. 

 1ft. a. The coast is wasting at Hunstanton Cliff, vrhere large falls occur every 



winter. 



b. Lower Greensand capped by the lower beds of the Chalk. Height of 

 cliffs vary from to 60 feet. 



c. I should say that during the last forty years from 20 to 30 feet have 

 been lost — perhaps more in some places. 



e. The loss is confined to the cliff, at the base of which there is very little 

 shingle. 



15. No. 



16. The eastern side of The Wash and the north coast of Norfolk as far as WeUs 



have generally a margin of land, of varying width, which has been gained 

 from the sea, and which is retained by artificial means, such as embankments, 

 groynes, &c. 



Some enclosures are ancient. Two — the Holme Marshes, north of the 

 village of Hunstanton, and Lord Leicester's enclosures near Wells — have been 

 made within the last thirty years. Both enclosures were made by carrying an 

 embankment on the north side from the high land to the ' dunes,' which 

 protected the land from the west. 



17. There are ' dunes ' protecting the lands enclosed at Holme and near Wells. (See 



16.) 



b. Greatest height perhaps 20 feet. 



e. They are covered with marram grass, and do not blow over the land. 



9. The Coast of Pembrokeshire— Southern Part. 

 By Kenneth W. A. G. McAlpin, Assoc.Inst.C.E., Pembroke Dock.' 



1. The coast of Pembrokeshire and'Milford Harbour. 



2. Rocks principally, having frequent bays of sand where the continuity of the 



rock-line is broken. 



a. The cliffs are composed of Old Bed Sandstone, Carboniferous Lime- 

 stone, of slate,- and anthracite coal-measures with grey sandstone. 



Tlie Old Red Sandstone, as a rule, is not in large blocks suitable for masonry, 

 or even rubble-walling, and is not well able to resist the exposure to weather. 

 It is much protected by the growth of lichens, mosses, &c., above water mark, 

 which defend it from the rays of the sun and frost, and make the cliffs appear 

 of a greenish grey colour. The hardest specimens of the red sandstone, how- 

 ever, retain their redness, as at St. Ann's Head. The area between high and 

 low water is greatly protected from erosion by being almost hidden by the 

 numerous shells of the limpet tribe that are everywhere to be found ; also 

 mussels in great abundance, and the varied forms of sea-weed. 



The limestone cliffs are light-blue in colour, like the colour of a wild 

 pigeon ; the stones are in most cases of large size, great soundness and strength, 

 suitable for engineering — dock or fort works for example. Notably large and 

 good blocks are to be obtained from the Pen-y-holt and adjacent cliffs, Caldy 

 Island, and Lydstep ; at other places the limestone is much the same in appear- 

 ance, but is composed of smaller blocks and rubble, well and solidly packed 

 together. These limestone cliffs form a noble escarpment against the sea; the 

 same face is now presented to the weather that has borne the storms of many 

 centuries, as is clearly to be seen all along the limestone coast, but most notably 

 at the Elegug Stack and St. Govan's Head, where the face is weathered in a most 



1 Communicated by Lieut.-Col. A. W. Mackworth, R.E., through Major-Gen. Sir A. 

 Clarke, K.E. The MS. of this Report is illustrated by a map and seven photographs. 

 ' Cambrian and Silurian shales and sandstones. — W. T. (See Report on p. 859.) 



