Studies of Teratological Phenomena. 73 



been sown with them", according to Kerner and Oliver (1902, p. 549), 

 These "fasciations" are caused by a gall-mite Phytoptus. Judging from 

 my own observations, and from pictures, these are not typical fas- 

 ciations, such as really occur in ash trees at times. The typical linear 

 fasciatiou illustrated in Fig. 119 {Fraxinus excelsior, see Kidd 1883) 

 may occur in connection with these hypertrophied inflorescences, but as 

 to this I have no information. Cases of fasciation which may be and 

 have been interpreted as the result of insect mutilation are numerous, 

 but definite information is absent from these observations in the majority 

 of cases. 



Natural elements, higher animals and man. The examples 

 of traumatic response to injuries from these sources are numerous, but 

 not always accompanied by desirable details. Cereus marginatus, under 

 the name of "Organo" is largely used as a hedge plant in Mexico. 

 A hedge of these plants (Starr, 1899), (Hus, 1908, Fig. on p. 86) 

 which were partly injured, probably because cuttings were taken from 

 them for planting, showed numerous fasciations: Krasan (Klebs, 

 1903^06, p. 134) observed fasciations induced by loss of foliage through 

 the action of June beetles or spring frosts. According to Sorauer 

 (1906, p. 334), a fasciation in Tecoma radicans was brought about 

 through appression to a wall, the parts above the wall also showing 

 the anomalous character. Lopriore (Hus 1906) however, did not 

 succeed in producing this condition in Vicia roots through prolonged 

 pressure. An asparagus grower (Hus, 1906) in California, claims fas- 

 ciated shoots of his crop are more common among those plants which 

 first pierce the ground, especially after a cold winter. Fasciations 

 (Hus, 1906) were very frequent in wild and cultivated plants at 

 Berkeley, California, witliin a week after a heavy rainfall at a most 

 unusual time of the year (September, 1904). Other teratological phe- 

 nomena were also common. Dandelions from time to time appear on 

 lawns, along sidewalks and in fields in a fasciated state. Hus believes 

 these to be the result of mutilation. 



M. T. Cook (Letter, 1912) wiites me that Cuban planters 

 believe mutilated pine-apple stock will produce malformations (fasciation 

 included) and that his own observations tended to confirm this belief. 

 Richly nourished, but uninjured individuals of Weigelia (Goebel, 1900) 

 sometimes produce fasciated shoots. 



Experimental production. Sachs (1859) was one of the first 

 to produce fasciations experimentally. By cutting off the chief axis 



