260 REPORT—1883. 
purposes.! A further development of this rule as applicable to both 
sexes and at all ages will be found in Table XX. 
24. Plate IV. shows the relative stature of the four British nationali- 
ties, traced from the columns in the table showing the number of men 
at each height per thousand. The curve of the English very nearly 
corresponds with that of the average for the whole kingdom. The Scotch 
curve is above the average, and from its irregularity it is evident that 
the observations on which it is based are not quite representative of that 
part of the kingdom. The Welsh curve is below the general average, 
and in a manner balances the excess of the Scotch, while the Irish 
curve is somewhat too acute, owing to the comparatively small number 
of observations on which it is based. 
b. Adult Males and Females—Tuable II. 
25. Table II. shows the relative stature, weight, and strength of adult 
males and females in England, no returns for females having been received 
from other parts of the kingdom. The average stature of adult males is 
67°36 inches (1°712 metres), and of females, 62°65 inches (1°592 metres), 
showing a difference of 4°71 inches (‘120 métres), or nearly 42 inches. 
The average weight of males is 155-0 lbs. (70°5 kilos.), and that of 
females 122°8 lbs. (55°8 kilos.), showing an excess of 32°2 lbs. (147 
kilos.), or about 23 stones on the side of males, the percentage difference of 
weight being just threefold that of height. Theratio between the stature of 
men and women in England isas 1 to 0°930, or as 16 to 14°88, the difference 
being somewhat greater than in Belgium, where, according to Quetelet, 
the ratio is as 1 to 0°937, or about 16 to 15 (strictly 16 to 14°99). The 
observations of the strength of females were obtained from pupils in 
training institutions for schoolmistresses and from shop assistants, and 
the average is no doubt much lower than if the labouring classes were 
also represented. The difference of strength is 35 lbs., the females being 
little more than half as strong as males. In these tables, the age of the 
attainment of maturity is fixed at 23 years for males, and 20 years for 
females, the reasons for which will be explained in another part of the 
Report. 
1 The following measurements show the difference between the height of the 
body of men in the standing and recumbent positions, and the span of arms measured 
across the front of the chest. Also the difference between the height of the body in 
the standing and the sitting positions, showing the relative length of the trunk and 
of the lower limbs. The English figures are calculated from the American measure- 
ments of Dr. Hitchcock, taken in 1882. 
Age |No. of Standing |Horizontal| Span of Sitting 
years | obs. height length arms height 
American fmatres| 1-729 | 1-748 | 1-787] 0-907) Len 
| on: J met 2 gth 
Amherst l 21-5 | 327 | inches | 68:07 | 68:82 | 70:36 | 35-71 | of 
College J trunk 
es ois | g¢4 4 metres | 1-746 | 1-765 | 1-804 915 | and 
OE 3 inches | 68°70 |. 69:45 | 71-01 36:04 | head 
sional class. ; . : 
5 métres — +°'019 | +:058| —°822 Lengt 
a American {inches | — .| +:75 | +2:29| +32:36 or 
ge SS Enolish J Metres | +°017 | +°019 | +-058) —-831_ / lower 
5 Linches | +°63 +°75 +2°31| —32:66 ) limbs 
The ratio between the total height and the sitting height is 1 to 1:906. 
