TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D. 517 
by fees is only an addition to the professor's income, quite independent of his 
stipend and of his regular occupation in the laboratory : it is paid from a separate 
source and for a separate object. There are thus in the German Empire more than 
100 such institutes devoted to the prosecution of biological discovery, carried on at 
an annual cost to the State of about 80,000/., equal to about 160,000/. in England, 
providing posts of graduated value for 300 investigators, some of small value, 
sufficient to carry the young student through the earlier portion of his career, 
whilst he is being trained and acting as the assistant of more experienced men— 
others forming the suflicient but not too valuable prizes which are the rewards of 
continuous and successful labour. 
In addition to these university institutes, there are in Germany such special 
laboratories of research, with duly salaried staff of investigators, as the Imperial 
Sanitary Institute of Berlin, and the large museums of Berlin, Bremen, and other 
large towns corresponding to our own British Museum of Natural History. 
Moreover, we must be careful to note, in making any comparison with the 
arrangements existing in England, that there are, in addition to the universities in 
Germany, a number of other educational institutions, at least equal in number, 
which are known as polytechnic schools, technical colleges, and agricultural 
colleges. These furnish posts of emolument to a limited number of biological 
students, who give courses of instruction to their pupils, but they have not the 
same arrangements for research as the universities, and are closely similar to those 
colleges which have been founded of late years in the provincial towns of England, 
such as Bristol, Nottingham, and Leeds. The latter are sometimes quoted by 
sanguine persons, who are satisfied with the neglected condition of scientific training 
and research in this country, as really sufficient and adequate representatives of the 
German universities. As a matter of fact, the excellent English colleges in ques- 
tion do not present anything at all comparable to the arrangements of a German 
university, and are, in respect of the amount of money which is expended upon 
them, the number of their teaching staff and the efficiency of their laboratories, 
inferior not merely to the smallest German university, but inferior to many of the 
technical schools of that country. 
Passing from Germany, I would now ask your attention for a moment to 
an institution which is supported by the French Government, and which— 
quite irrespective of the French university system, which is not on the whole 
superior to our own—constitutes one of the most effective arrangements in any 
European State for the production of new knowledge. The institution to which I 
allude is the Collége de France in Paris—co-existing there with the Sorbonne, the 
Ecole de Médecine, the Ecole Normale, the Jardin des Plantes, and other State- 
supported institutions—in which opportunity is provided for those Frenchmen who 
have the requisite talent to pursue scientific discovery in the department cf biology, 
and in other branches of science. I particularly mention the Collége de France, 
because it appears to me that the foundation of such a college in London would be 
one of the simplest and mest direct steps that could be taken towards filling, in 
some degree, the void from which English science suffers. The Collége de France 
is divided into a literary and a scientific faculty. Each faculty consists of some 
twenty professors. Each professor in the scientific faculty is provided with a 
laboratory and assistants (as many as four assistants in some cases), and with a 
considerable allowance for the expenses of the instruments and materials required 
in research. The personal stipend of each professor is 400/., which has been in- 
creased by an additional 100/. a year in some cases from the Government Depart- 
ment charged with the promotion of higher studies. The professors in this 
institution, as in the German universities, when a vacancy occurs, have the right 
of nominating their future colleague, their recommendation being accepted by the 
Government. The professors are not expected to give any elementary instruction, 
but are directed to carry on original investigations, in prosecuting which they may 
associate with themselves pupils who are sufficiently advanced to join in such work; 
and it is further the duty of each professor to give a course of forty lectures in 
each year upon the results of the researches in which he is engaged. “There are at 
present among the professors of the Collége de France four of the most distinguished 
