TRANSACTIONS OF SECTION D.—DEPT. ANTHROPOLOGY. 563 
of laminated clay ; the rest of the skeleton was not looked for, unfortunately. It 
had evidently been severed from the trunk by the planks driven down to prevent 
the sides of the trench slipping. In immediate proximity were found also the horns 
and bones of the great Irish elk, and, not far distant, abundant roots and trunks of 
forest trees, chiefly oak and ash, belonging to a submerged forest, no doubt co-ex- 
tensive with the submerged forest known to exist along the Lancashire and Cheshire 
coasts. ‘The skull was in a state of good preservation, being covered with a coating 
of peroxide of iron, deposited on it from percolation. It is now in the Museum of 
the Royal College of Surgeons, but a cast is exhibited. 
A similar skull was discovered at Leasowe, some distance off, under similar 
geological conditions. These skulls are the only ones of the same type found in 
the North of England. They are identical with each other, and are dolicho-cephalic, 
orthognathic and aphanorygous, and they pertain to the Eskimo. 
In the district surrounding Southport full evidence of an old submerged forest 
is to be found, and in it there can be no doubt the Irish elk and some other extinct 
animals lived and roamed. 
Southport is built on the site of this submerged forest, of which there is abun- 
dant proof by the frequent exposure of trunks and roots of trees, buried at some 
depth below the surface, all lying on laminated clay, the trees having been cut down 
five or six feet above the roots. The geology of Southport and district is post- 
tertiary, so far as it has been tested, and remains in much the same state as left by 
the glaciers of the ice age, the action of which, all along the coast-line, has been . 
that of deposition, accretion, and formation of moraines, with peat and drift-sand. 
superimposed, The deluge theory of this submergence is not tenable. The author 
does not believe that a deluge ever touched this forest or this part of Europe. 
Borings to a depth of G00 feet have only revealed sand-drift, marine-shells, allu- 
vial peaty loam, peat, laminated clay, grey clay, and boulder clay, with stones. 
In some places the upper boulder clay, intercalated with sandy drift, lies on the 
Keuper marl. Erratics of Shap granite are very abundant in the boulder clay of 
the district, most of which are well scored. Elks’ horns, as thick as a man’s wrist, 
have been found, and rough flint heads and implements have been frequently met 
with. The village of Crossens, adjacent to Southport, stands on a heap of boulder 
clay, and fifteen feet below the surface is a bed of fine pebbles, &c., with water 
carrying sand. : 
A general subsidence of this coast has occurred, carrying with it the forest; 
when sea invasion took place, after which an upheaval came on, again elevating 
the land above the sea-level. This upheaval appears to be going on, although the 
relative levels of land and sea have not been materially altered for several thousands. 
of years. 
aking the geological surroundings, and the entire absence of any other data to 
elucidate the antiquity or otherwise of these human remains, it can only be concluded 
that they belong to the period of the Cave Man. This opinion is strengthened by the 
fact that evidence of Cave man has been discovered in Cefn Cave, not very distant 
from Southport, across the estuary of the Mersey. That the Paleolithic hunter 
did inhabit the above cave, there is not a shadow of a doubt, and he had no other 
hunting ground than the forests of Flintshire, Cheshire, and Lancashire, which were- 
continuous. It seems probable, then, that this man hunted in this great primeval’ 
forest, and the Irish elk was one of his quarries; that he died in it, and was.sub— 
merged with it, and that he was a Paleolithic hunter, and had not human sepulture.. 
But if not a Palzolith, he could not be later than the very earliest Neolith, before. 
the latter was civilised, and before he had begun to use polished implements. 
There is, however, no satisfactory evidence to disqualify the opinion that he was. a 
Paleolithic hunter. 
7. On the Descendants of Cain. By C. Srantnanp Wake. 
After referring to the opinion that the great building-races of antiquity were 
Turanians, and that the civilisations of Chaldea, Egypt, and Pheenicia were trace- 
able to a common source in Western Asia, facts were mentioned in support of the- 
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