582 REPORT— 1883. 
which one river basin follows the other, the only difference being that the water- 
sheds of some lie further to the north than others. We may thus, I think, infer that 
the above character of the Baralacha axis is the type of the physical features along 
this unsurveyed, little-known territory, until we reach the longitude of Darjiling. 
4s, The Chenab and North Kashnur.—South of the Chenab River, running parallel 
with it for many miles, is another gneissic axis, through which the Chenab passes 
into a sharp bend to the south near Kishtwar; the peak of Gwalga well marks its 
position here, and the strike of the same rock is continued towards the northern 
outer hills of the Kashmir valley by Barrapatta and Dalwas Peak, near the Hoksar 
pass, and the Maro Wardwan valley below Ainshin. For some distance the stratified 
rocks only are seen, but on the Boodpathar ridge near Srinagar and in the Sind 
valley, and again from near Haramook Peak to Tragbul, the gneissic rocks appear. 
Further still they occur in the hills at the head of the large tributaries of the 
Kahmil River, and thence I suspect are continued across the Kishengunga to the 
Snowy Peaks above Wamba and into Khagan. On the 8.1. at the Rotang pass at 
the head of the Beas valley it unites with the Zaskar axis. 
5: The Pir Panjal-Dhaoladhar Ridge——On the outer face of the chain there is a 
well-marked gneissic or granitoid axis of elevation. It is well exemplified on the 
Dhaoladhar ridge above Dharmsala, directly connected with, and equally well dis- 
played in, the Chatadhar ridge south of Budrawar; thence it can be traced to the 
Chenab, which breaks through it here, to the south-east side of the Kashmir valley, 
forming the eastern end of the Pir Panjal range. We find it at intervals amidst the 
older slates along the ridge westward, and close up to the gorge of the Jhelum River, 
where it leaves the valley of Kashmir. It reappears on the other side of the Jhelum 
in the Kajnag ridge towards Mozufferabad. The gorges of the Kishengunga and 
Khagan Rivers are near this place, and to the westward the granitoid rocks are again 
met with at Manserah inthe Hazara valley. Little is known of the mountains to the 
north of this, but the axis apparently crosses the Indus near Amb, curving round 
in the Yusufzai Hills north of the Peshawar valley, the Sufedkoh being an analogous 
range on the south of the Kabul River. Returning to the Dhaoladhar ridge, 
the granitoid axis continues to Sultanpur on the Beas across that river, by Suket 
to Hatu, across the Sutle] to Kuper and Kanchu Peaks, and the well-known peak 
of the Chor. Nag Tiba, north of Mussoorie, would mark its eastern extension, 
beneath the slates of that ridge, and beyond Dudatcli and Binsar Peaks, and 
Almora to the Kali River,! near Meenda Ghur. This axis thus holds the same 
position with regard to the plains of India and at about the same distance from 
their base for a very great distance. 
6. The Sub-Himalaya.—This longitudinal section of the Himalaya is easily 
defined. by the fringing line of hills more or less broad, and in places very distinctly 
marked off from the main chain by open valleys (dhuns), or narrow valleys parallel 
with the main axis of the chain. 
The Eastern Himalaya—In Western Bhutan, beyond Dazrjiling, between the 
Juldoka and the Am Mochu, the gneissic rocks have a N.W. strike by the Pango 
La, apparently towards Kanchinjunga ; to the 8.E. by Betso Peak to the Singchula 
above Buxa. Hooker records Kinchinjhow as of granite, with stratified rocks to 
the north. This axis may possibly be continued E.8.E. to Chumularhi and the 
gneiss of the mountains north of Paro. 
In the far east, in the Dafla Hills, a more general parallelism of the ranges 
from W. to E. is found, assimilating to the N.W. area. A well-marked granitoid 
axis is to be traced from S.W. to N.E. (the outer Himalaya here), convex to 
the S.E., the tertiaries or the Sub-Himalaya being of considerable breadth and 
elevation, and following the same curve. Considerable valleys or dhuns are also 
again a feature on this side. 
Lastly, there is the Assam range, which, although not forming a part of the 
Himalayan mountain system, I must allude to, as I shall have to refer to it further 
on. This is very clearly defined by a gneissic axis on its southern margin, against 
which the secondary rocks rest, and by a more northern line of the same primitive 
! Captain R. Strachey, R.E.‘P.G.S.’ vol. vii. p. 292, 1851 
