§22 REPORT—1883. 
poses; nor must we forget the past services of timber in the construction of the 
wooden walls of old England, and that timber may do so again is the opinion of 
some of our admirals. 
3. Utility in growing timber on land too poor for other culture at a certain 
profit, though with a distant return. 
4, By planting on ridges and slopes of hills, shelter is given to cattle, sheep, and 
crops, at the same time improving the climate. : 
5. Those who have not large estates, with hundreds of acres to appropriate to 
forest culture, may plant belts of Scotch fir interspersed with beech, larch, &c. round 
their smaller ones with advantage, especially to the east and north, or to the wind- 
ward of their property. 
4. On the Introduction of Science into Higher and Middle-class Schools. 
By D. Macrintosu, F.G.S. 
The author remarked that the main object of education was not so much to 
make better men of business as to make men of business better men. He referred 
to the improvement which had lately taken place in public schools as regarded the 
introduction of scientific subjects in addition to chemistry and physics. During 
his travels in the West of England he had found that principals of private boys’ 
schools had seldom found it practicable to introduce scientific subjects in addition 
to chemistry, but stated that he had found exceptions in Southport, several towns 
and villages in Cheshire, in Grove Park, Wrexham, &c. The author had found 
that in the West of England many ladies’ schools, as regarded the teaching of 
science, had rather deteriorated than improved, and referred to the prominence 
formerly given in school advertisements to the ‘use of the globes.’ He had like- 
wise found that, contrary to the general impression, more time was devoted to 
science in private than in public ladies’ schools, though exceptions to this rule in 
the north-west of England might be found in the Liverpool College for Girls, the 
Queen’s School, Chester, and other places. He had been led to regard the teaching 
of science in joint-stock companies’ high schools for girls as partaking more of show 
than reality, though to this rule there were exceptions. As regarded the qualifica- 
tions of teachers, he believed that the mere circumstance of having passed an 
examination, or of haying received a certificate, was of secondary importance, and 
that to be able to teach science successfully a teacher ought to go through a special 
process of self-training in the art of teaching; in other words, he ought to be able, 
without books or notes, by illustrations, to simplify and render attractive what he 
taught, so as to impart to his pupils a taste for original scientific research. As 
regarded the selection of subjects, the author believed that chemistry, physics, or 
other experimental sciences, however important in themselves, were not without 
defects from an educational point of view, because many pupils after leaying school 
were unable to continue the study of these subjects through a want of sufficient 
apparatus, whereas the study of the natural sciences could be successfully pursued 
after leaving school, during ordinary occupations. The author had found that 
geology was the most important science as regarded mental training, not only on 
account of the magnitude and variety of its subjects, but because it appealed more 
than any other science to the faculty of wonder, and thereby irresistibly led to the 
exercise of the reasoning powers. 
5. The Importance of a Creed Census; with Notice of that taken in 1881 
for the Diocese of Liverpool. By the Rev. Canon Humn. 
The year 1851 was the year for the decennial Government census, and it was the 
desire of a large number that the schedules should contain a place for recording the 
religious professions of the people. But there were others who objected to this 
proposal, mainly on the ground that there were many who worshipped in Non- 
conformist Chapels on the evening of Sunday, who yet claimed to belong to the 
