ON ETHNO-CLIMATOLOGY. 143 



cannot see ; and they join in asserting that " there are sick men whom the 

 liills make worse, and healthy men whom they make sick*." General Sir 

 A. TuUoch also allowsf that the stations at 8000 or 9000 feet of elevation 

 " are less healthy than was expected, because the men suffer from what is 

 called a hill diarrhoea, which reduces them very much indeed." Many other 

 authorities and facts tend to show that it is a great fallacy to assume that 

 temperature and climate are at all the same thing. There may be the 

 same ethnic climate, with vast difference of temperature. China, for in- 

 stance, has very different temperatures ; but this has hardly a perceptible 

 effect on the race. 



Dr. Ewart, like many other writers on this subject, has a theory which he 

 believes would enable Europeans to be reared in India. He says, "The 

 average standard of health of our race in this country would bear compa- 

 rison with that of any race on the face of the civilized world, or of any 

 people in Europe, provided the sources of malaria were dried up." 



Although this is wholly a gratuitous assumption, we still have evidence 

 to show that a very slight ctiange is sufficient to make a considerable 

 change in the health of soldiers. Mr. M'Clelland| says, " that out of a 

 European force of little more than one thousand, there were four or six 

 funerals daily ; and this great mortality was checked by a change to the hills, 

 which were only one hundred or one hundred and fifty feet high. It is 

 probably a mistake, however, to attribute this favourable change in the 

 mortality to the climate ; it was doubtless far more due to the influence on 

 the brain and nervous system. If the cause which produces eimui amongst 

 all classes of European residents in India could be eradicated, then perhaps 

 the case might be different. A number of plans have been proposed to en- 

 able the European to live in India. In 1853-4, the expenditure for cinchona 

 bark and quinine amounted to a6ll,686. It is now proposed to give quinine 

 as a prophylactic for fevers, and there will be a demand for 3646,744 worth§. 

 But the process that is now seriously proposed by Desmartis ||, in harmony 

 with his theory of inoculation, is to transfuse a small quantity of blood taken 

 from the natives into the veins of Europeans visiting such places as India, 

 Brazil, or the West Coast of Africa ! I would only beg to express a hope 

 that in transfusing this blood they will not also transfer any of the mental or 

 moral characteristics of these indigenous races into the European. If any 

 process, however, can be devised to make Europeans like the natives, then we 

 must remember that, instead of being able to hold down one hundred and 

 fifty millions of people with about one hundred thousand men, we should 

 want a very different number. It is only possible to hold India as long as 

 Europeans remain the superior race. It has been asserted that, although 

 they cannot bear the sudden change to a tropical climate, they can gradually 

 become accustomed to the change. It seems a fair test of the influence of 

 climate on race, to study its effects on the children of those who have be- 

 come accustomed to the change, or, as it is sometimes falsely called, " accli- 

 matized." Here there can be no question as to the effects of climate. We 

 have seen what is the result of attempting to raise European children in India, 

 and nearly the same result meets us elsewhere. Speaking of the effect of 

 climatic influence on such children in Ceylon, Sir Emerson Tennent^observcs, 

 "If suitably clothed, and not injudiciously fed, children may remain in tiie 



* Papers connected with the Reorganization of the Indian Army. 1859, p. 6. 



t Minutes of Evidence on the Reorganization of the Indian Army, p. 2G6. 



t Medical Topography of Bengal, &c. 1859, p. 135. 



§ Ewart, p. 47. 



II Quelques mots sur les Prophylaxies. Par S. P. Desmartis. Paris, 1 859. 



II Ceylon. By Sir James Emerson Tennent. 1860, p. 79. 



