PSYCHICAL AND PHYSICAL CHARACTERS OF THE MINCOPIES. 245 



The spine of the occiput is not so developed as to interrupt the convex con- 

 tour of the occipital part of the skull ; the lower occipital crest is rather more 

 developed than the upper one. The mastoids (s) are moderately developed; 

 there is no supermastoid ridge, nor any process from the paroccipital (4). The 

 base of the skull offers all the strictly human characteristics. There is no ex- 

 cess in the size of the orbits or of the auditory apertures ; a sharp ridge pro- 

 jects from the lower boundary of the anterior nares. The lower jaw shows a 

 variety in the shape of the coronoid process (so) which is occasionally seen in 

 Europeans ; it is broader and lower than usual ; the front border is more 

 convex at its upper half, and forms with the concave lower part a deeper and 

 more decided sigmoid curve. The ascending ramus forms a less open angle 

 with the horizontal ramus than in most Negro and Australian skulls. 



The teeth (Plate VII. fig. 3) equal in size the average of those of Indo-Eu- 

 ropeans ; they correspond in this respect with those of the European figured 

 in my ' Odontography,' plates 118 and 119. Although they are large in pro- 

 portion to the size of the jaws, they are markedly smaller than are those of 

 the Australian figured in the same plates. In the upper jaw of the male 

 Andamaner the true molars, as in most Europeans, diminish in size from the 

 first (m I) to the third (w 3). The fissure which penetrates the grinding 

 surface from the outer side to the middle of the crown had its end unoblite- 

 rated in m 1, and retained its whole length in m 2. The enamel was worn 

 from the inner half in both teeth, but in a less proportion in m 2 ; it was also 

 slightly worn from the outer tubercles in m 1. The degree of abrasion of the 

 teeth, according to the age of the individual, is such as might be expected 

 from the mastication of a diet consisting chiefly of fish and fruit. In the 

 lower jaw the dentine is exposed on the three outer tubercles of m 1 ; the 

 crucial figure is not obliterated in m 2 ; ?n 3 is larger, as usual, than in the 

 corresponding tooth above. The upper premolars are implanted by a fang 

 which is divided at its base into an outer and inner root. The undivided fang 

 of the lower premolars is longitudinally grooved on the outer side. In the 

 upper jaw, m 1 and m 2 are implanted by one inner and two outer roots, m 3 

 by one antero-external root and one postero- internal root. All the lower 

 molars have distinct anterior and posterior roots. There was no irregularity 

 in the position, nor any sign of decay in the teeth. 



The articulations of the skull with the vertebral column in the present 

 skeleton of the Andamaner agree with those of the male sex in the highest 

 variety of the human species. One of the most characteristic differences 

 between man and all other mammals consists in the fact that the human 

 head is balanced in the erect posture, only requiring slight muscular action 

 to steady it, M'hile the skull of the chimpanzee and all lower mammals pre- 

 ponderates anteriorly, and needs to be sustained by the action of powerful 

 muscles and elastic structures. To preserve the equilibrium of the human 

 head, the cerebrum in its growth extends more backward than forward, deve- 

 lopes the posterior lobes with their contained structures peculiar to man, and 

 produces a concomitant exjjansion and production of the occipital part of the 

 cranium during the progress of general growth from infancy to adult age, 

 whereby the back of the head becomes balanced against the increasing weight 

 of the face. 



All the bones of the trunk and limbs of the male Mincopie present the specific 

 and generic characters of Homo sapiens, Linn. The sigmoid flexure of the 

 clavicle (52) is well marked. The scajiula (51) agrees with that variety of form 

 which shows a minor extent of the supraspinal tract, and a greater breadth 

 of the lower part of the subspinal tract, with a more produced angle between 

 the surfaces for the teres major and teres minor muscles, on the inferior costa. 



