174 . REPORT — 1861. 



illush'ate principles of first-rate importance. He gave a number of details as to 

 the osteological, digestive, circulatory, generative, and nervous systems of the In- 

 sectivora, dwelling especially upon the instances of variability of organs not sub- 

 sement to special habits whicli this family furnished, and upon the variations to 

 be found in individuals belonging to the same species. Referring to Gratiolet's 

 classing the Lemurs amongst the Insectivora, Dr. KoUeston said that this arrange- 

 ment might seem to be justified by the fact that the Lemm-s differed from other 

 Quadnimana by their non-possession of the hippocampus minor and of an over- 

 lapped cerebellum, and by their possession of a large olfactory lobe. In these points, 

 also, the higher apes resembled the himian species, whilst differing from the lower 

 members of theu- own family. 



On the ITomolor/ies of the Lobes of the Liver in Mammalia. 

 By Professor Eolleston, M.D., F.B.S. 



In descriptions of the internal anatomy of rare animals, it is usually easy, even 

 without the aid of figures, to compare tlie aecoimts given of the an-angement of 

 their organs with the arrangement of similar structures in animals more familiar 

 to us. To this statement the descriptions given of the lobes and lobules of a 

 multifid liver form an exception ; and the pui-port of this paper is to furnish the 

 zoologist with a convenient and readily appbcable sjstem of nomenclature for 

 the several divisions which the liver may be found to present in the mammalian 

 series. 



The umbilical view of the foetus, preserved for us in the adult in the so-called 

 "suspensory ligament," furnishes us with our first landmark. The lobe to which 

 it is attached we may call the " suspensory lobe (' it is veiy commonly, though 

 not in the human subject, trifid, — the suspensory ligament having one lobule to 

 its left subequal with a second to its right, which is bounded in that direction 

 by the cystic fossa where the gall-bladder exists, and this second lobide, the 

 " suspensoiy central," having the third lobule h'ing upon its right, between the 

 indentation (when it exists) for the gall-bladder and the fi"ee right edge of the 

 entire lobe. 



The " suspensory lobe" overhangs the two other lobes into which the mamma- 

 lian liver is divisible. To the left it overhangs a lobe which is very rarely if at all 

 deeply incised or indented; this lobe we would call the "left lobe." The lobe 

 which it overhangs to the right is very frequently lobulated somewhat complexlj'. 

 This "right lobe" is di^•isible into three secondary lobides, the "superior right 

 lobule," the " right kidney lobule," and the " lobulus Spigelii." The " superior 

 right lobule" is frequently in relation -ndtli the pylorus, and in some animals, a.s 

 the rabbit, is deeply excavated for the lodgment of that portion of the stomach : 

 immediately overhung itself by the right subdivision of the suspensory lobe, it 

 again overlies the "right kidney lobule," which is very commonly either deeply 

 fissured or greatly excavated for the reception of the organ after which it is named. 

 The "superior right lobide" and the "right kidney lobule" are often found to 

 be fused into one mass in animals such as the hedgehog, Erinacetis europce-its, and 

 the long-eai-ed bat, Plecotus auritus, in which they are usually distinct. Lastly, 

 we have the "lobulus Spigelii," which (with two exceptions in the Marsupial 

 series, viz. the Phalaiif/ista vt/Ipina and the Macrojyiis r/iffmifeits) we have foimd to 

 be more directly in connexion with, and sessile upon, the "right kidney lobide " than 

 upon any other poi"tion of the liver. The bile-duct and the afferent blood-vessels 

 of the liver pass in front of the origin of this lobule. It may effloresce into two 



E recesses distally and to the left, one of which may pa«s before and the other 

 ehind the cardiac end of the stomach, as in 3Iiis decununuis ; or it may give off a 

 process near its origin and towards the right, which may intei-pose itself between 

 the "right kidney lobule" and the "superior right lobule," as in the shrew, 

 Sorex vidr/aris. 



In the nomenclataire suggested by M. Duvernoy (Ann. des Sciences XatureUes, 

 ser. ii. tom. iv.), the left division of the suspensory lobe is named "lobe principal 

 gauche ;" but its diminished proportions, as compared with those of the " left lobe" 

 in some of the Insectivora and lower Quadrumana, incline us to consider it as 

 wholly lost in such livers as those of man and the iiuninants, and to assign it, when 



