TRANSACTIONS OP THE SECTIONS. 209 



The average number of children during the last 10 years has been 101. The 

 average number of deaths has not been 1 per cent., as there have been only 8 

 deaths in the ten years. 



Conti-ast this mortality with that of the children in English and Scotch cities. 

 In Manchester 50 per cent, die before they are 5 years old ; in Glasgow, 54 ; in 

 Edinburgh, 38^ ; and in Aberdeen, .32 per cent. And throughout the kingdom half 

 the children die before they reach the age of 14 years. 



The exceedingly small mortality amongst the orphan children imder the care of 

 the Dublin Protestant Orphan Societies shows what attention to sobriety and clean- 

 liness, on the part of parents and nurses, and a proper supply of pure air would effect 

 in this coimtry. It also shows to what a fearful extent murder prevails — the murder 

 of innocent children — and the injiny which accrues to our o-^^ti country and the world 

 from the loss of the services and the labours of those thus cut off in childhood, and 

 thereby prevented from benefiting their country and the world, which they in most 

 instances would have done, if they had not met with untimely deaths at the hands 

 of their intemperate and uncleanly parents, and through the neglect of the com- 

 munity at large. 



On tlie Progress of Manchester from 1840 to 1860. 

 By David Chadwick, F.S.S., Assoc. Inst. G.E., Secretary of Section F. 



Mr. David Chadwick stated that, having been requested by the Committee of 

 Economic Science, at the last meeting of the British Association at Oxford, to pre- 

 pare a paper on the progress of Manchester and Salford during the twenty years 

 1840-60, he would consider seriatim the increase of population and that of the prin- 

 cipal manufacturing towns in the coimtry ; the annual value of property ; the pro- 

 Sortion of parliamentary representation to persons and property ; the trade of the 

 istrict, with particulars of cotton imports and exports of manufactured goods; 

 improvements in cotton-machinery; wages of the operatives, with a comparative 

 statement of the cost of food and clothing, and facilities for their social, physical, 

 and intellectual advancement ; the municipal and local governments of Manchester 

 and Salford, noticing the taxation and local improvementa effected within the 

 period indicated. 



Mr. Chadwick stated the population of the principal towns in Lancashire at each 

 decennial period from 1801 to 1861, showing an increase in Manchester and Sal- 

 ford, from 94,876 in 1801 to 311,269 in 1841, and to 460,018 in 1861, the rate of 

 progress being 47-79 per cent, in the last twenty years, and 384-86 per cent, in the 

 last sixtv years. Takmg the twelve principal towns of the coimty during the same 

 period, the increase was from 291,281 in 1801 to 929,405 in 1841, and to 1,417,662 

 in 1861. Comparing this progress with that of the entire county, and of England 

 and Wales, the rate of increase has been, in the twelve town districts, from 1841 

 to 1861, 52-53 per cent. ; and 1801 to 1861, 386-7 per cent. ; in the county, in 

 twenty years, 45-09 per cent. ; and in sixty years, 260-71 per cent. ; and in England 

 and Wales, in twenty years, 26-06 per cent. ; and in sixty years 125-6 per cent. 

 In 1801 the population of Lancashire was 7-68 per cent, of the total population of 

 England and Wales, or nearly l-13th part thereof. In 1861, the per-centage had 

 increased to 12-29, or nearly i-8th part thereof 



The population in each township of the parish of Manchester, and in the parlia- 

 mentary boroughs of Manchester and Salford, in 1851 and 1861, was then detailed, 

 with the per-centage of increase in the ten years. It appeared that, owing to the 

 extension of warehouses, &c., used only in the daytime, and abandoned at night, 

 the population of the township of Manchester had decreased 1-04 per cent, during 

 the last ten years, whilst that of all the remaining to-wnships had increased, Chorl- 

 ton-on-Medlock being the lowest (25-99 per cent.) and Bradford the highest 

 (124-11 per cent.), the total increase in the parliamentary borough being 13-09 

 per cent. The population of the citj^ proper (not including Bradford, Ne-wton, 

 and Harpurhey) had increased 11-52 per cent. In Salford (parliamentary and 

 municipal) the total increase in population was 20-33 per cent., detailed thus: 

 — Salford township, 11-95; Broughton, 3872; Pendleton, 46-93; part Pendle- 

 burv, 87-46. 



1861. 14 



