92 REPORT—1862. 
ment of an antler of Cervus tarandus; the humerus of a gigantic Ox; a portion of 
the head of the Equus fossils; and a fine specimen of Castor Europeus—the head. 
The colour of these specimens might lead us to believe that they belonged to the 
Mammaliferous Crag period ; but colour is not a decisive criterion. It is probable 
that they may have lain in close proximity to a bed of crag*; they are unquestion- 
ably from a Pleistocene deposit. 
And now as to how these organic remains came to be at the bottom of the 
ocean. At a not very remote geological period our island was united with the 
Continent ; a catastrophe took place which separated them and led to the formation 
of the German Ocean. This gap has been continually enlarging, from the crumb- 
ling down of the cliffs on either side; the fossils have thus been exhumed, carried 
out to sea during storms by retiring waves, and there deposited. No doubt, also, 
many remains which lie buried in the land that originally united us to the Conti- 
nent sank bodily with it; and consequently they are met with when the sea-bottom 
is raked over by the trawling-nets of the fishermen. 
The measurements of three tusks are given. One, belonging to Mr. Owles, mea- 
sures: length of external curye 7 feet 5 inches; girth at proximal end 18 inches; 
radius of inner curve 3 feet. - 
The author possesses two perfect tusks: one, length 6 feet 3 inches; girth 17 
inches; radius of curve 3 feet 3 inches: the other, length 6 feet; girth 123 inches ; 
radius of curve 4 feet 2 inches. These proportions indicate that his specimens are 
from two distinct species of Hlephant. 
A femur of the Mammoth in his possession measures 3 feet 5 inches, minus the 
head of the bone. 
On the Identity of the Upper Old Red Sandstone with the Uppermost Devonian 
(the Marwood Beds of Murchison and Sedgwick), and of the Middle and 
Lower Old Red with the Middle and Lower Devonian. By J. W. Saxrer, 
F.GS. ; 
The sections of the Old Red Sandstone and Mountain Limestone on the Pem- 
brokeshire coast are unrivalled for their extent and completeness. The vertical 
beds, exposed to the coast-waves, are worn by them in such a manner as to clear 
them of all detritus, and exhibit the succession of Old Red conglomerates, Carbo- 
niferous shales, and Mountain Limestone in several small sandy inlets accessible at 
all tides, especially at the most important points, viz. the junction of the Old Red 
with the superjacent shales. 
Three of these sections have been measured in detail by Sir H. De la Beche and 
the corps of the Geological Survey, and are given in vol. i. of their Memoirs, 
pp. 61, 100, 180. 
At Caldy Island, the Upper Old Red marls and sandstones, ending in yellow 
conglomerate-beds, are covered by 400 feet of shales and limestones in an alter- 
nating series, among which beds of oolite were found to be of common occurrence, 
filled, down to the very base, by common Carboniferous species,—a thin band (at 
the base only) exhibiting, on the west side of the island, a bed of undescribed bi- 
valve shells, all, however, allied to Carboniferous forms. And a new fact was 
established during this survey, viz. the presence of a band of marine Serpulz 
40 feet down in the Old Red. 
The same section, bed for bed, with the characteristic thin oolite bands, and 
beds of shale crowded with the Rhynchonella pleurodon, occurs on the opposite coast 
of Skrinkle Bay, another of the sections measured by Sir Henry and a assistant 
Mr. Ramsay. 
About twenty miles to the westward, the small bay of West Angle opens at the 
mouth of Milford Haven; and here a sharp, faulted synclinal in the middle of the 
bay permits the whole section to be seen twice in the promontories and reefs on 
either side of the bay. The series of beds have changed considerably from that 
seen on the opposite coast, and nearly 150 feet more shales are added to the upper 
part. In these shales a very perfect cleavage is established, fully justifying the 
* The atlas of the Megaceros has a Turritella incrassata (Crag fossil) sticking in the 
canal for the vertebral artery. 
