144 REPORT—1862, 
the same as when they migrated a thousand years ago. African negroes that have 
for three centuries been transported to the New World remain unchanged. The 
Spaniards settled in tropical America remain as fair as the people of Arragon and 
Andalusia. He contended that climate had no influence in determining colour in 
different races. Fins and Laps, though further north, are darker than the Swedes ; 
and within the Arctic circle we find Msquimaux of the same colour and complexion 
as the Malays under the Equator. Yellow Hottentots and Bushmen live in the 
immediate neighbourhood of Black Caffres and negroes, There is as wide a dif- 
ference between the colour of an African negro and a European, between a Hindoo 
and a Chinese, and between an Australian and a Red American, as there is between 
the species of wolves, jackals, and foxes. The arguments for the unity of the human 
race drawn from anatomical reasoning would also prove that there was no difference 
between hogs and bears, the bovine and equine and the canine families, 
On Language as a Test of the Races of Man. By J. Crawrurp, F.R.S. 
The author commenced by observing that on former occasions he had referred to 
the subject of this paper, but now he did not hesitate at once to affirm that lan- 
guage, though yielding valuable evidence of the history and migrations of man, 
affords no sure test of the race he belongs to. In illustration he said that the 
majority of the people of this country, who 2000 years ago spoke their own native 
tongues, whatever those might have been, now spoke a language derived from 
Germany, on which has been engrafted a considerable portion of one which had 
its origin in Italy, while of their native tongues two examples only remained, and 
these, without doubt, were doomed in a few generations to extinction as living lan- 
guages. France, Egypt, Northern India, the New World, and other regions, also 
exhibited cogent illustrations of a similar character, one of the most important 
being the fact, well ascertained, that, so wonderful is the flexibility and compass of 
the human organs, the children of races the most opposite, when duly taught from 
infancy, will acquire a complete mastery over any foreign languages, be they ever 
so difficult of pronunciation or complex in structure. 
Some Observations on the Psychological Differences which exist among the Typical 
Races of Man. By Rozrrr Duyn, P.L.CS. Engl, 
The object of the author in this paper was to indicate and suggest to the 
psychological and ethnological Members of the British Association a field of in- 
vestigation and inquiry, which, in his estimation, if thoroughly explored, could not 
fail, unless he was greatly mistaken, of yielding a rich harvest, and of throwing a 
flood of light upon the causes of the psychological differences which exist among 
the typical races of man. Ie maintains that the Genus Homo is one, and that all 
the races of the great family of man are endowed with the same instinctive intui- 
tions, sensational, perceptive, and intellectual, the same mental activities,—in other 
words, that they all have as constituent elements the germs or original principles 
in common, of a moral, religious, and intellectual nature, so that, however great and 
striking their psychological differences may be, they are nevertheless differences in 
degree, and not of kind. 
Viewing the brain or encephalon as the material organ of the mind, where the 
ultimate molecular changes precede the mental states, and from whence the man- 
dates of the will issue, whether for the production of voluntary motior or for other 
acts of volition, he dwells on the paramount importance of assiduously studying, 
and carefully comparing and contrasting, the cerebral developments of the different 
races, with a view, and as the most eflicient means, to the better understanding 
and elucidation of the psychological differences which exist among and characterize 
them. But the cerebral physiology of the typical races remains to be wrought out, 
and ethno-psychology is still a desideratum. Significant among them as the vary- 
ing forms of the skuil may be, and important as is the division of the whole human 
family, by Retzius, into Dolichocephalic and Brachycephalic, with its sub-divi- 
sion, according to the upright or projecting character of the jaws, into orthognathous 
and prognathous, and as characterizing and indicating elevation and degradation of 
type, the author considers that the time has come not to be satisfied with a mere 
