TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 193 
very strikingly, but at the same time greatly increased the luxuriance of a few 
species, especially Rwmex acetosa, and frequently Bunium flecuosum and Achillea 
millefolium. Plantago and Ranunculus were generally discouraged by active ma- 
nures, excepting farmyard manure and nitrate of soda. The nitrate also favoured 
Centaurea nigra and Taraxacum dens-leonis. 
11. Considerable increase of produce was only obtained by means of farmyard 
manure, or artificial manures containing both mineral constituents and ammonia- 
salts or nitrates. The crops so obtained were much more Graminaceous, and con- 
sisted in much greater proportion of but a few species of plants. The grasses 
developed were chiefly of the more bulky and freer-growing kinds, and the produce 
was generally very stemmy—the more so, and the coarser, the more excessive the 
manuring. 
12. Meadow-land mown for hay should not be manured exclusively with 
artificial manures, but should receive a dressing of well-rotted farmyard manure 
every four or five years. 
13. Sewage-irrigation, like active manures applied to meadow-land in the ordi- 
nary way, has also a tendeticy to develope chiefly the Graminaceous herbage, ex- 
cluding the Leguminous, and to a great extent the miscellaneous or weedy plants. 
It also, at the expense of the rest, encourages a few free-growing grasses, among 
which, according to the locality and other circumstances, Poa trivialis, Triticum 
repens, Dactylis glomerata, Holcus lanatus, and Lolium perenne have been observed 
to be very prominent. The result is an almost exclusively Graminaceous and very 
simple herbage. But as the produce of sewage-irrigated meadows is generally cut 
or fed off in a young and succulent condition, the tendency which the great 
luxuriance of a few very free-growing grasses has to give a coarse and stemmy 
later growth is less objectionable than in the case of meadows left for hay. 
On the Past and Present Expenses and Social Condition of University Educa-= 
tion. By the Rev. W. Emery, B.D., Senior Fellow and Tutor of Corpus 
Christi College, Cambridge, late Senior Proctor of the University. 
He traced the history from the earliest times, when Joffrid the Abbot of Croy- 
land sent Gilbert and other three monks to Cottenham, who gave instruction in a 
barn in Cambridge. It was not till a.p. 1257 that St. Peter’s, the first college in 
the University, was founded, when the expense of a student ranged up to £2 a 
‘hey The students then lived hard lives, eos contented with a penny-piece of 
eef amongst four, accompanied by salt and oatmeal only, and were obliged to run 
up and down, “being without fire, in order to get a heat on their feet before going 
to bed.” The author then gave a very interesting and humorous account of the 
rovision for students in 1645, as stated by Strype in letters to his mother, written 
om Jesus College. In 1763 expenses increased, tutorial charges increased, and 
the system of private tutors was introduced. Fifty years since it might be gathered, 
from the large number of noblemen an-i fellow-commoners in the University, that 
expenses tad reached a much higher point, while, about thirty years back, extra- 
-vagance, immorality, and idleness had attained their utmost height. Since that 
time a great improvement had taken place, and now there was a much better system 
of habits, and a larger and more regular attendance on professional and college lec- 
tures. The estimates for the expenses of students at present for three terms a year 
were on three scales—the lowest being about £120, the second £180, and the highest 
£250. Ifprivate tutors were engaged, a sum of £8 or £10 a term must be added, and 
to those who resided in college in the long vacations an additional expense of £15 
or £20 was incurred. Some men of great economy lived in the University for £100 
ayear. These rates included all University charges and private expenses as derived 
from the tradesmen’s bills sent in to the tutors. Some of the sizars had lived on 
such low sums as £45 and £39 per annum. In most of the colleges the students 
might obtain assistance from scholarships, the lowest stipend attached to which 
would provide an undergraduate with a private tutor. It had been shown by evi- 
dence that one of the sources of extravagance in undergraduates was the habits 
acquired by them at public schools, and it was reasonable to suppose baer! a young 
1862. 1 
