474 GEOGRAPHICAL ZOOLOGY. [part iv. 



Tortoise-shell, Peacock, Painted Lady, and Purple Emperor 

 butterflies. They are found wherever butterfly-life can exist, 

 and some single species — like the Painted Lady (Pyrameis 

 cardui) — range almost over the globe. A few of the more 

 extensive and remarkable genera only, can be here noticed : — 



Colcenis, Agraulis, Eresia, Synchloc, Epicalia, Funica, Eahagis, 

 Catagramma, Callithea, Agcronia, Timdcs, Hctcrochroa, Prcpona, 

 Hyijna, Pa])liia, and Sidcronc, are wholly Neotropical, as well 

 as many others which have a smaller number of species. 

 Euryphenc, Eomaleosoma, Aterica, and Harma, are exclusively 

 Ethiopian. Terinos, Athyma, Adolias, and Tancccia, are Oriental, 

 but they mostly extend into the Moluccan region; the last 

 howcA^er is strictly Malayan, and Adolias only reaches Celebes. 

 Mynes alone, is exclusively Australian, but Erotlioe, is almost so, 

 having only one outlying species in Java. Eurytda and Ergo- 

 lis are confined to the Oriental and Ethiopian regions, but the 

 latter reaches the Moluccas. Cetliosia, Cirrhochroa, Messaras, and 

 Sympliccdra, are both Oriental and Australian ; while Junonia, 

 Cyrestis, Diadema, Neptis, and Nymjjhalis, are common to the 

 three tropical regions of the Eastern Hemisj^here, the latter ex- 

 tending into the Mediterranean district, while Junonia occurs 

 also in South America and the Southern United States. 



The most cosmopolitan genus is Pyrameis, which has repre- 

 sentatives in every region and every district. AjMtura is found 

 in all but the Ethiopian and the Australian, although it just 

 enters the confines of the latter region in Celebes ; Limenitis 

 is abundant in the Oriental region, but extends eastward to 

 Celebes and westw^ard into Europe, North America, and even 

 into South America. Argynnis, Mdita:a, and Vanessa, are almost 

 confined to the Palaearctic and Nearctic regions ; the former 

 however occurs in the Himalayas and in the mountains of Java, 

 and also in Chili and in Jamaica. Two genera — Dicrorrhagia 

 and Hdcyra — have both one species in North India and another 

 in the island of Ceram. The number of genera peculiar to each 

 region is as follows :— Neotropical, 50 ; Australian, 2 ; Oriental 

 ] 5 ; Ethiopian, 14 ; Palaearctic, 1 ; Nearctic, 0. 



