94 REPOET— 1884. 



domestication. The requisite qualities for domestication were separately discussed ; 

 tliey were stated as follows : — 1, they should be hardy ; 2, they should have an 

 inborn liking for man ; 3, they should be comfort-loving ; 4, they shoidd be fomid 

 useful to the savages ; 5, they should breed freely ; 6, they should be gi'egarious. 

 He believed that nearly eveiy animal had had its chance of being domesticated, and 

 that almost all of those which fulfilled the above conditions were domesticated long 

 ago. It would follow as a corollary to this, that the animal creation possesses few, 

 if any, more animals worthy of domesticaticm, at least for such purposes as savages 

 cared for. These qualities would be intensified by imintentional " selection : " the 

 wildest members of eveiy flock would escape ; the wilder of those that remained 

 would be selected for slaughter. The tamest cattle — those that kept the flock 

 together, and led them homewards — would be preserved alive longer than the 

 others. It is, therefore, these that woidd chiefly become the parents of stock, and 

 bequeath their domestic aptitudes to the future herd. He did not believe that the 

 first domestication of any animal, except the elephant, implied a high ciA-ilization 

 among the people who established it. He could not believe it to have been the 

 result of a preconceived intention, followed by elaborate trials, to administer to 

 the comfort of man. Neither could he think' it arose from one successful eflbrt 

 made by an individual, who might thereby justly claim the title of benefactor to 

 his race ; but, on the conti-ary, that a vast number of half-unconscious attempts 

 have been made throughout the com-se of ages, and that idtimately, by slow 

 degi'ees, after m:iny relapses and continued selection, our several domestic breeds 

 became firmly established. 



Essential Points of Difference between the Larytvc of the Negro and that of the 

 White Man. Bi/ George DrxcAir Glbb, M.'A., M.D., LL.D., F.G.S., 

 F.A.S. 



The author had examined the laiTnx of the negro in the clt^ad and living, in fifty- 

 eight instances, and the result justified him in aiTi'\"ing at certain conclusions, "to 

 be confiiTued or modified by further experience. These were the almost invaiiable 

 presence of the cartilages of Wrisberg, which were either quite rudimentary or 

 absent in the white race, with some rare exceptions ; they are present in the old 

 and young of both sexes in the negi-o, probably more fully developed in the prime 

 of life. Their general presence in the negro, and their absence or rudimentary 

 condition in the white race, prove them to be charactei-istic of the fomier. The 

 true vocal cords in the negro, instead of being horizontal and nearlv in a plane 

 with the general .strike of the floor of the ventricles — a charactenstic almost never 

 varying in the white race — are i-epresented by an oblique incline fi'om within out- 

 wards, that is, their internal free border is elevated at a higher angle than their 

 external or attached border, thus giving to each vocal cord a slanting or shehing 

 direction outwards and downwards. This obliquitj- of the cords varies in degree 

 aud extent, but can be generally distinguished ; the contrast, however, is strildng 

 between the flat horizontal smface and the oblique. In the white man the ven- 

 ti-icle of Morgagni is situated external to, but immediately above, the plane of the 

 true vocal cords ; wliilst in the negro, a long and narrow elliptical opening is seen 

 leading downwards and outwards into the ventricle, the whole extent of whicli to 

 its veiy fundus is visible in most black people. The change of position iji the 

 ventricle is most striking, for it hangs sidewise on the outer side of a shelving 

 vocal cord, not unlilte the saddle-bags on the side of a mule. The relative position 

 of the thyro-arj-tenoid muscles is necessarily altered by the last-named condition. 

 These facts the author brought forward regardless of any theoi-v, and with no 

 other object in view than to advance our knowledge of the anatomy of parts here- 

 tofore inaccessible to vision in the living. He had prepared, in a tabidar fonu, all 

 his examinations of black people, with the dates, countiy, and other points of 

 interest, and the facts made out were explained by reference to large diagram.s. 



Dr. J. E. Ghay exhibited Tan Beneden's Work on the Marine Leeches of the 

 Coast of Brest. 



