140 REPORT — 1864. 



On the lliver Congo. By Captain Btjeton. 

 This paper contained the particulars of the author's ascent to the Yellala, or 

 Great Eapids of the Congo. He remarked that Africa boasted four first-rate 

 rivers, all rising- within the zone of nearly constant rain. These were the Nile, 

 the Niger, the Zambesi, and the Congo. The latter was the least-known. Navi- 

 gators have contented themselves hitherto with noticing its prodigious outfall ; 

 and since the fatal expedition of Captain Tuckey, travellers have not ventui-ed to 

 explore it. On July L^Oth, 1863, Captain Smith, of H.M. ship ' Torch,' gave Cap- 

 tain Bm"ton a passnge southwards from Fernando Po, where he had been suffering, 

 like all other white men there, with some severity. As the improvement of his 

 health was but slow, he resolved upon proceeding towards the highlands of the Upper 

 Congo, which tradition represented to be a sanatorium. After adventures and 

 observations, Captain Burton reached the Great Rapids. In conclusion, Captain 

 Burton observed that, above those rapids the grand river forks. There is a north- 

 eastern branch, which has been represented as flowing from a lake. The informa- 

 tion he obtained at the rapids left him no doubt of the tact. In the previous year, 

 when he visited the source of the river Gaboon, he was informed by the Fans, that 

 after eighteen days' travel towards the east they came upon a water flowing to the 

 right or southward. This must be the north-eastern fork of the Congo. He hoped 

 that the survey of his distinguished friend Paul du Chaillu woidd set the question 

 at rest. The south-eastern branch of the Congo, Captain Biu-ton firmly believes, is 

 the Coango and the Ca^sai which Dr. Livingstone crossed near the head. 



On the Islands of Kalatoa and Pidowch. By John Cameron. 



On the Iberian Popidation of Asia Minor anterior to the Greels. 

 By Htde Clarke, of Smyrna. 



The names of places in a country are philological and therefore ethnological 

 records, and it is on these that the present investigation is foimded. The most 

 marked result is that there is no afiinity in the ancient names of Asia Minor with 

 tKose of Armenia, although there is an old tradition that the Lydians were descen- 

 dants of the Armenians. On comparing the names in Lydia, Caria, Mysia, and 

 generally in Western Asia Minor with European topographical terms, afliiiities are 

 found with Greece, Italy, and Spain. These aiiinities are with the archaic and 

 new Greek element in Greece, with the archaic and new I^atin element in Italy, 

 and with the Iberian element in Spain. Tlie result is, as William von Humboldt 

 had predicted, the existence of an Iberian population in Asia Minor. Some of the 

 details are as follows. Arna is a local fomi which is well marked, and it is copious 

 in Greece and Italy. Asia, Astyra, or Astura is a recognizable Iberian form. It 

 signifies a rock. Thus we have Astyra in Mysia and Troas, Astura in Latium, 

 Astura in Spain, Asia in Liguria and Spain. It occurs also in Asia Minor, both 

 as a prefix and as a termination. The fonu Blmindus of Plnygia is found in the 

 Blanda of Lucania and Spain, and in other shapes. Bura, a termination in Asia 

 INlinor, is a marked Iberian tj-pe. It is perhaps herri (Basque), a town. Cora 

 appears to be the same as Cara. It perhaps means a peak or promontoiy ; in Basque 

 yora is high. Ilia, IHon, or Ilium is a remarkable form ; in Iberian it signifies a 

 city, town, or place. 3Iamla, Menda, or Muiida most probably signifies a hiU or 

 mount, for which Mendia is a word in Basque. Bcda or Bada must be a word for 

 a mountain, as in Iduhcdu and Orospeda, moimtains in Spain. Petarra, the French- 

 Basque for mountains, is found in Patara of Lycia and Cajjpadocia. Pcrr/a, or 

 Barija is widely distributed ; it is applied to a mountain fortress or acropolis. With 

 regard to words beginning with the letter E, it is worthy of remark that they are 

 very rare in Asia Minor, and that such words are also very rare in modem Basque. 

 Sardea, Basque for a fort, is found in Sardene, a mountain of IMysia, in Sardes, 

 which has an acropolis, and in Sardcmisstis, a mountain of Pamphylia. Tama, 

 Tema, or Dyma is a particle extensively applied to mountains and hill-forts. It 

 is a noticeable circumstance, that in Troas we find Ilimn, Pergamtis, Pedamn, 

 Astyra, Scaniander, and Ida, — all Iberian names. According to the author's views, 



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