ON THE MANUFACTURE OF IRON. 757 
The coke used at the Weardale Company’s furnaces is that from the 
bottom of our coal series, and which, as a rule here, as in some other coal- 
fields, appears the best adapted for iron-smelting, owing no doubt to freedom 
from sulphur. The subject is of interest, as showing that the results ob- 
tained by the use of charcoal abroad can be very closely imitated when 
suitable ores, and mineral coal of great purity is the fuel employed. 
Cumberland Hematite.—The rich hematites of the Whitehaven district 
approach in some cases to nearly a pure peroxide of iron. 
The following indicates their composition :— 
Cleator. Cleator. 
Peroxide of iron ite one arse 0-5 Sten came reat g ig 1G 
Protoxide of manganese... a STOST aee "24, 
Silica ... “35 ca ns 7°05 5°66 
Alumina nee ozs aaa A. AGS Oa *06 
Lime ... vse ce oe se ay fines © box O7 
Magnesia ee ae cer es Rely Bora ee — 
Sulphur ae “ee rok otc [ORs Maveue ese eu aCS 
Phosphoric acid sr Ae St trace MAN. trace 
99°96 I0I'Ig 
School of Mines, 
Metallic iron ... ae ba are (09-2 Rare eee J0G:G5 
The following analysis shows the composition of iron from the Cleator 
furnaces :— 
Iron ms i. nee 8 oss ee es 93°94 
Carbon Se ah ee ae oe we 4cr8 
Silicon... “: ae #2 Fe est Peep | R92 
Manganese a os Fe "02 
Calcium ... 12 
Magnesium ae a ie Her aa sec 06 
Sulphur ... ss we oss 6a er atc "05 
Phosphorus So £3 cic Ay ste “te *08 
Authority, Clarence Laboratory. 100°37 
This ore and that from Ulverstone are brought to some extent to the east 
coast for admixture with the Cleveland stone. 
Ironstones from Ridsdale and Hareshaw (Mountain Limestone), and from 
Consett, near Shotley Bridge (Coal Formation).—These ironstones haying been 
incidentally mentioned, the following analyses, by Dr. Richardson, may be of 
interest :-— 
Ridsdale. Hareshaw. Consett, Shotley Bridge. 
iron), 5 )s-. sts prot (SAGO tere ois BQO IRE acs se. 36°68 
Lime and magnesia... 9°00 ... 22a UG Opes cohen MGT 
Clay... a BEE “Wig bolo e> =H Sey el eR seen ESOS 
Loss by heat... nee) MAGI O Zl es eas (IAOg eee soe EG Tate 
In each case no doubt the stone was a perfectly clean sample, quite free 
from adhering shale, which will account for the difference of metal between 
the analyses and the actual yield in the furnace, as formerly stated. 
Statistics of the Pig Iron Manufacture in connexion with the Newcastle and 
Durham Coal-field——The following figures, extracted from the statistical 
returns of the Geological Survey, afford probably the readiest mode of impart- 
ing a correct idea of the extent and rate of development of the iron-mines 
now under consideration. ; 
In September 1850 the first ton of stone was worked from Eston Hill 
