TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 45 
distillation and evaporation. Used as an alembic, no refrigerator is required. By 
recent experiments by M. Iresca at the Conservatoire des Arts et Métiers, it was 
found that an apparatus of four vessels, of which the lowest was heated with gas, 
and the uppermost was open to the air and acted as a refrigerator, evaporated 15 
litres of water with a cubic métre of gas, while the same quantity of gas with a 
single vessel uncovered evaporated only 5:170 litres. The apparatus was 54 cen- 
timétres diameter, and evaporated nearly 4 litres an hour. hen two vessels are 
used and the upper one is kept supplied with cold water, 20 litres of water an hour 
can be distilled. 
For concentrating sulphuric acid, only the bottom vessel, or capsule, is required 
to be of platina. 
In Bopiring this apparatus to the evaporation of common salt, and especially car- 
bonate of soda, M. Kessler has found that, in the atmosphere partly saturated 
with vapour under the inclined covers of the vessels, the salts crystallize on the 
bottom and sides in large crystals, as is the case in slow cooling. The solution of 
carbonate of soda does not produce a pellicle on the surface, and forms beautiful 
prisms containing 17 per cent. of water. Iodide of potassium gives crystals of an 
unprecedented size, and sulphate of soda gives anhydrous crystals. 
Are Nitrogen and Carbonic Oxide the Oxide of Carbon in different Allotropic 
or Isomeric States? By H. Kiteour, of Edinburgh. 
The author, it was stated, was making experiments with the view, if possible, 
of reducing nitrogen and carbonic oxide into the same substance. Hitherto, how- 
ever, his results had been negative. 
On the Manufacture of Earthenware at Newcastle*. By C. T. Marne. 
The manufacture of white earthenware was introduced into this district by Mr? 
Warburton, at Carr’s Hill Pottery, near Gateshead, about 1730 or 1740. Those 
works were very successfully carried on for seventy years, when they gradually 
declined, and in 1817 were closed. A small portion of the building is still used as 
a brown-ware pottery. The next manufactory was built by Mr. Byers, at New- 
bottle, in the county of Durham, about 1755, where brown and white earthenware 
still continue to be made. In 1762, Messrs. Christopher Thompson and John 
Maling erected works at North Hylton, in the county of Durham ; their successor, 
Mr. Robert Maling, in 1817 transferred his operations to the Tyne, where his de- 
scendants still continue the manufacture. St. Anthony’s, Stepney Bank, and Ouse- 
burn Old Potteries were commenced about the year 1780 or 1790. Messrs. A. 
Scott and Co. and Messrs. Samuel Moore and Co. ereeted potteries at Southwick, 
near Sunderland, the former in the year 1789, the latter in 1803. The pottery 
carried on by Messrs. John Dawson and Co., at South Hylton, was built by them 
in 1800. The works of Messrs. John Carr and Sons, at North Shields, were 
erected in 1814. Messrs. Thomas Fell and Co. built St. Peter’s Pottery in 1817. 
The ostablishment of Messrs. Skinner and Co., Stockton-on-Tees, dates from 1824. 
There are now about twenty-five potteries in this district, of which on the Tyne 
six manufacture white and painted! ware, four white, printed, and brown ware, 
and three brown ware only, employing 1200 people, and manufacturing yearly 
about 12,000 tons of white clay and 30C0 tons of brown clay, and consuming in 
the process of manufacture about 34,000 tons of coals. On the Wear there are 
two potteries manufacturing white and printed ware, two white, printed, and 
brown ware, and two brown ware only, employing about 500 people, manufacturing 
yearly about 4000 tons of white clay, 1500 tons of brown clay, and consuming in 
the manufacture about 14,000 tons of coals. On the Tees there are four potteries, 
manufacturing white and printed ware, employing 500 people, manufacturing 
5000 tons of white clay, and consuming 13,000 tons of coals. Two potteries at 
Norton manufacture brown ware; the particulars of their operations the author 
had not been able to obtain. 
* This paper was drawn up by the author at the request of the Local Committee. 
