'PRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. ° Ws 
western side of the hills, was at the close of the Lower Devonian period, and pro- 
bably dependent on the elevation of the range which took place about that time ; 
but that the age of the great longitudinal fault on the eastern side of the range was 
subsequent to that of the Lias. 
Some Facts relating to the Hydrography of the St. Lawrence and the Great 
Lakes. By Dr. Horsoert. 
The effects of frosts and thaws during the Canadian winters are very remarkable 
on the rivers, smaller lakes, and bays of the great lakes in the valley of the St. 
Lawrence. One example was given. In the winter of 1861 the writer very care- 
fully examined those effects upon Burlington Bay, at the head of Lake Ontario. 
The ice at the time was about 15 inches thick. Frequent thaws occur during the 
winter, at all of which the ice expands with the rise of temperature. With the 
return of the cold the ice again contracts, but the part which has been shoved upon 
the shore remains stationary, and the ice opens or cracks in parts over deep water. 
During twenty-four hours the ice had expanded 6 feet over a distance of two miles, 
whilst it remained firm on the south side of the bay, carrying with it about 80 feet 
of a wharf, which broke at the centre, whilst some 80 feet nearer the shore remained 
firmly imbedded in the ice, that had not yielded. Similar efiects were produced 
in other places along the same shore. This expansion and contraction of the ice is 
sure to destroy all those bridges and wharfs built upon piles and light spars in the 
lakes and rivers which freeze over; for the larger lakes remain open during the 
winter. The boulders of primitive rocks, which thickly strew the valley of the 
St. Lawrence, are found on one shore of the smaller lakes and rivers to have been 
carried by the action of the ice far away from the water; and whilst those boulders 
often occur so abundantly on one shore as to prevent the traveller landing, he is 
sure to find the other shore quite free from them, 
The Upper Tertiary Fossils at Uddevalla, in Sweden. 
By J. Gwyn Jerrreys, F.RS., F.GS. 
The enormous heaps of fossil shells and barnacles which compose some of the 
hillsides near Uddevalla have for a long time attracted the attention of tourists as 
well as of geologists, and they may be considered one of the wonders of Scandi- 
nayia. In 1747 Linné published an account of his West Goétha journey, which 
contains a list and figures of the fossils found by him at Uddevalla, as well as some 
curious particulars as to the calcination of the shells, the Jiittegryter (or “ giants’ 
pots”), and various other matters which met his observant eye. He enumerated 
and briefly described nine species of fossils. arly in the present century the 
Swedish geologist Hisinger and the French geologist Brongniart severally recorded 
some important facts as to the height of these beds above the level of the sea, and 
the occurrence of barnacles 7 siéu on the gneiss rock, which underlies them, and is 
laid bare in certain places. In the ‘ Philosophical Transactions’ for 1835 appeared 
an admirable essay, by Sir Charles Lyell, “ On the proofs of a gradual rising of the 
land in certain parts of Sweden.” His notice of the shell-mounds is full of in- 
terest; but the geographical distribution of the marine Invertebrata had not been 
at that time much studied, and our great geologist stated that at Uddevalla 
“nearly all, perhaps every one, of the species belonged to the German Ocean.” 
The catalogue of fossils from this locality appended to the paper gives twenty-six 
- species; and it shows the laborious research with which the author collected them 
(with some assistance) in the space of a single day. Two years afterwards 
Hisinger published his ‘ Lethzea Suecica,’ and added five species to the list. I am 
not aware that anything more has been made known on this subject beyond a 
casual, although highly important, remark by Professor Lovén, in the Transactions 
of the Royal Academy of Sciences at Stockholm, that all these fossils are of an 
arctic character; another paper, by the same eminent naturalist, identifying a 
shell from Behring’s Straits (Piliscus commodus, Middendortt) as an Uddevalla 
species; occasional references by Dr. Otto Torell, in his valuable treatise on the 
mollusk-fauna of Spitzbergen, to some of these fossils; and a geological map, 
