82 REPORT—18638, 
The Australians and Andamaners possess the dimmest conceptions of their own 
moral obligations and of the existence of a Godhead—psychical endowments of a 
lower grade it is difficult to conceive can exist; nevertheless the author believes 
them to be essentially human: moreover, the brain-case of these races conforms to 
the highest cranial type of our species. But considering that the Neanderthal skull 
offers only approximate resemblances to that of man, that it more closely agrees 
with the cranial type of the Chimpanzee—a creature whose faculties are unimproy- 
able, incapable of moral or theosebic conceptions—Prof. King feels himself con- 
strained to believe that the thoughts and feelings which once dwelt within it never 
soared above those of the brute. 
Thus the author is led to regard the Neanderthal skull as belonging to a creature 
cranially and psychically different from man; and he proposes to distinguish the 
species iy the name of Homo Neanderthalensis. 
On some Fossil Fishes from the Permian Limestone of Fulwell, near Sunder- 
land, By J. W. Kirxsy, 
The object of the paper was to record the discovery of fish-remains in the Upper 
Magnesian Limestone of the Permian formation, the discovery being of interest 
especially on account of the remains having been found at a horizon considerably 
higher in the Permian series than any vertebrate remains had been previously 
known to occur. The fossils were first noticed in August 1861, in a newly opened 
quarry, belonging to Sir Hedworth Williamson, Bart., at Fulwell, a mile and a half 
to the north of Sunderland. The quarry is in the northern slope of the hill, and is 
not far from another and older quarry. In these quarries the magnesian limestone 
is largely worked for lime-buning, as it had been in the older quarry for the last 
sixty years, during which time no traces of any organic remains had been found. 
In working the lower and inferior strata, in order to keep the new quarry at its 
proper level, the great bulk of the fossil fish were discovered. Most of them are 
found in one bed, or zone of beds, of limestone, there nevertheless being several 
instances of their occurrence both aboye and below. A similar discovery was 
afterwards made in the equivalent strata of the old quarry. The same fish-bed also 
appeared to extend considerably to the north-east—the half-tail of a small fish 
having been obtained from a stratum of limestone in Marsden Bay. The fossils 
appeared almost invariably to have belonged to perfect individuals. At least, the 
entire dermoskeleton, fins, and bones of the head seemed to have been unimpaired 
up to the period of deposition, egret there were instances of distortion by sub- 
sequent compression, A pair of individuals were sometimes found together, but 
the specimens were usually isolated and comparatively rare, Fully nine-tenths of 
the specimens found belonged to a single species of Palgoniscus. The remainder 
belonged probably to two or three species of the same genus and to a species of 
Acrolepis. The Pale@onisci were small, the largest being a little over 4 inches in 
length. The Acrolepis seemed to have sMomet a length of 12 inches, Associated 
with the fish-remains there had also occurred, rarely, some fragments of plants. 
These, though imperfectly preserved, appeared to be referable to three species, one 
of which was a Calamite, another an Ulimannia caulerpa, and the third was a large 
reed-like form, whose generic relations were difficult to determine from the dis- 
covered fragments. These were the only fossils that had been met with along with 
the fish, These fish-bearing strata were 150 feet from the top of the Upper Lime- 
stone. The discovery carried the Permian Vertebrata from the lower beds of the 
Permian series of Durham high into the upper, and near enough to the Trias to 
give to their occurrence, perhaps, more than usual interest. To the paper were 
appended descriptions of the species. 
On the Coal-measwres of Sydney, Cape Breton. By J. P. Lestey, 
On the Discovery of Rock-salt in the New Red Sandstone at Middlesbrough. 
By Joun Martey. 
The fresh-water requirements of Messrs, Bolckow and Vaughan in connexion 
