72 . REPORT— 1870. 



had also been found — the one by Messrs. Glementshaw and Smith, young gentle- 

 men whose interest in natural science was due to the revival of those studies in 

 our great schools, and whose personal efforts had largely contributed to its advance- 

 ment at Rugby. 



Note on an AntJioliihes discovered by 0. W. Peach. 

 By William CARRirrHEES, F.L.S., F.G.S. 

 Mr. Peach had discovered near Falkirk a fine series of AnthoUthes, which he 

 had submitted to the author. Several of them exhibited the fruits still attached, 

 and thus established the true nature of these fossils, which had been hitherto con- 

 sidered so anomalous. The fruits had been described by authors as species of 

 Cardiocarpim, 



On the Glacial Phenomena in the Central District of England. 

 By the Eev. H. W. Ceosskez, F.G.S. 



On the Formation of Boulder-clays and Alternations of Levd of Land and 

 Water. By the Eev. J. Gunn, M.A., F.G.S. 



The author observed that the boulder-clays have been regarded as indications 

 of a glacial epoch, whereas at the time of their deposit the land must have subsided 

 at least 500 feet beneath the present sea-level, and the greater extent of sea would 

 tend to raise the temperature, except so far as it would be lowered by the influx of 

 icebergs. That, in consequence of such depression, the perpetual snow-line would 

 be altered to the same amount, and an enormous quantity of ice would be gradually 

 disengaged and set floating from Greenland, for instance, by marine currents in a 

 southerly direction ; icebergs would be the result, boulders would be dropped, and 

 the boulder-clay formed without the intervention of any glacial epoch. That 

 by the contrary process of the elevation of the land glaciers and other descriptions 

 of ice would be formed, and what is called a glacial epoch would ensue. 



The effect of such alternate oscillations of level might be shown to be, in the 

 southern hemisphere, to cover the plains and leave the mountains in the form of 

 islands standing out above the sea^ as exemplified in the Pacific ; and in the 

 northern to produce the contrary result, as now exemplified in thia country. The 

 author supported these changes on palseontographical evidence ; and while attri- 

 buting them to oscillations of the level of land and water, expressed his inability 

 to ascertain the causes of such oscillations, and left the solution of their origin to 

 mathematicians and astronomers. 



On the Glacial and Postglacial Deposits in the Neighbourhood of Llandudno. 

 ^By Hugh F, Hall, F.G.S. 



In the paper the author described a general section of the beds exposed at the 

 following places : — Gogarth, west side of the Little Orme, east side of the Little 

 Orme, Dyganwy, Rhos, Colwyn, and Llandulas. 



The base bed taken was the mountain limestone. Above this there is exposed 

 at the Little Orme a bed .3 to 5 feet thick of mountain-limestone rubble, produced 

 probably by the action of frost during the earlier part of the glacial period breaking 

 the exposed rock into fragments. This again is covered by a bed, which in its 

 greatest development (at Llandulas) is 150 feet thick, of Boulder-clay, which he 

 regarded as the result of the grinding down of the subjacent strata by land-ice, 

 which probably at this period came down to the waters' edge — in fact, the true 

 glacial period. He showed that this bed is invariably composed of the materials 

 which would result from the grinding down of the rocks in the immediate neigh- 

 bourhood, being at Rhos a very stiff bluish-grey clay, very full of small pebbles, 

 principally slate, all ice-scratched, with large blocks of mountain limestone, green- 

 stone, and volcanic grits, showing ice-grooves and smoothing. At Gogarth, again, 

 it varies in colour from dark brown to grey, very gritty and sandy, full of scratched 

 pebbles, and many chert fragments. At Dyganwy it is a low cliff of black clay, 



