152 REPORT— 1870. 



are the Huns and Avares of the Indian epics. They were simply Getse led by a 

 caste of Huns. Procopius describes them as very civilized and quite difterent to 

 the European Huns. These White Huns the author identified with the Khazars. 



Now the Khazars, there are very strong reasons for believing, were Circassians ; 

 therefore the Circassians are the lineal descendants of the Massagetfe of Herodotus. 

 That they have a very large Thibetan element among them has long ago been 

 shown by Mr. Hodgson, the best of all authorities on such a subject. This race 

 genealogy clears up a great many difficulties in the ethnogi'aphy of the Persian 

 frontier. 



On tlie Avares. By H. H. Howorth. 



The Lesghian tribes of the Caucasus have not received the attention they de- 

 serve. One of them is called Chundsag, another Avar. Since the days of Klaproth 

 it has been known that almost every name of a Hunnic and Avarian leader in 

 ancient times is still found as a familiar name among the Avars, the Chundsags, &c. 

 of Leghistan or Daghestan. The conclusion has, however, always been evaded 

 that both Avars and Huns were neither more nor less than the ancestors of these 

 Caucasian tribes, that they spoke the same language as the Lesghs in fact. The 

 author believed this identification to be consistent with every fact we know of the 

 Huns and Avares, and that it explained many difficulties. 



Again, the ^Ivares were the dominant race of Central Asia before the Turks ; 

 they were the conquerors of the Epthalitas, who were thenceforward known as 

 White Huns, and of the Himnic invaders of India mentioned in the Indian epics. 



De Guignes, in his ' History of the Huns,' and in an interesting essay in the 

 25th volume of the ' Transactions of the French Academy,' showed long ago that 

 the Avares were the same people whom the Chinese call Jouan-Jouan. It did 

 not suit his theory, however, to make the Huns and Avares the same people. He 

 preferred to identify the Huns vnth. the Hiongnou, who have been most conclu- 

 sively shown to have been Turks by Klaproth, Remusat, and others. This identi- 

 fication is not trustworthy. Hun and Jouan-Jouan are so nearly alike in form 

 that it seems impossible for every -wTiter to have overlooked the fact that they are 

 the same name ; and yet, so far as the author knew, they have never been identified 

 as such before. The Avares and the Huns were the same folk, as we know from 

 the relation of Western writers. If the Avares were identical with the Jouan- 

 Jouan, the Hims must have been so too. The author postponed the interesting 

 questions that arise on this identification to his paper on the Huns, and concluded 

 by giving a history of the Avar invasions from Eyzantine, Chinese, and Eastern 

 authorities, the latter made accessible by the labours of Stanislas Jidien and 

 Vivian St. Martin. 



This paper will be printed at length in the ' Ethnological Journal.' 



On the Racial Aspects of Music. By J. Kaines, F.A.S.L. 



The author, in a very brief glance at the characters of the music of the various 

 races of men on the globe, drew particular attention to a striking anthropological 

 fact ; namely, that the music of the peoples of the north-west of Europe, unlike 

 that of all the rest, was pervaded by a settled melancholy. He sought to account 

 for this phenomenon physically and psj'chically. He drew attention to the climatal 

 and general physical conditions under which the peoples of the north-west of 

 Europe live, and suggested that, in the constant war with Nature, and the endea- 

 vour to modify Nature's laws, they acquired a gi-avity, awe, and sadness, of which 

 the peoples of the sunny south knew nothing, as their nmsic showed. Nature having 

 used them more kindly. The author conti'asted the biographies (as well as the 

 music) of the German and Itiilian composers, and showed that the men difiered as 

 widely ; sadness and sorrow marking the one, brightness and gladness characterizing 

 the other. He commented upon the introspectiveness of the northern peoples, and 

 the rapt attention and morbid analysis they give to the great problems of Life, 

 Heath, God, and Immortality ; and stated that the contemplation of these and such 

 sublime mysteries saddened and brightened by turns all their thoughts and impres- 

 sions. It was cmious to note that even the dance-tunes and popular airs of the 



