TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 137 



productive and profitable labovir is more reformatory than wasted labour. Sir 

 John Bowring brought overwhelming evidence of thi:i fact, derived from a variety 

 of sources, and from many parts of the world. It seems an almost universally 

 recognized principle that for short sentences labom- of the severest and least remu- 

 nerative character should be allowed ; that species of laboiu- should be only intro- 

 ductory to labour less irksome and more profitable. But however inviting, the field 

 of investigation is too wide, and the materials for judgment too multitudinous, to 

 allow of anything like an exhaustive exploration. 



On the Coiisumption of Oimun. B)j Dr. Cuthbekt Collingwood, M.A., F.L.S. 



On the ShipbuUdhuj of Dundee. By Heney Gouelat. 



Shipbuilding has long been an important branch of industry in Dundee, and 

 even at the beginning of the present century the number of vessels built for 

 coasting and over-sea trade was considerable. All these vessels were, of course, 

 built of timber, and about the year 182-3 were all propelled by sails. The num- 

 ber and size of the vessels gradually increased, imtil about the year 185G, when 

 wooden shipbuilding in Dundee may be said to have reached its maximum. In 

 that year Messrs. Alexander Stephen and Son built the ' Eastern Monarch.' This 

 vessel measured 1848 tons, b.m., was classed 14 years A 1 in Lloyd's Begister, 

 and at the time was one of the largest, if not the largest, vessel afloat of this 

 high class. It is now nearly thirty years since iron shipbuilding was introduced 

 in Dundee. In the j-ear 1838 Messrs. James Cai-michael and Co. built an iron 

 paddle-steamer named the 'Caledonia,' intended for the river trafiic between Dun- 

 dee and Perth. The same firm also built a small iron schooner. These vessels 

 attracted considerable attention at the time, there being very few iron vessels 

 then afloat. After building these two vessels, Messrs. Camiichael discontinued 

 iron shipbuilding, but it was again taken up in 1840 by Mr. Peter Borrie, who 

 built several iron paddle-steamers. Between the years 1842 and 1854, no iron ships 

 were built in Dundee, and during this interval other j)orts had commenced, and 

 were carrying on the trade with vigour, so that, although Dundee was early in the 

 field, this advantage was lost. In 18o4,Messrs. Gom-lay Brothers and Co. commenced 

 to build vessels of iron, and since that time the trade has steadily increased, there 

 being now two firms which build entirely with iron, and one which uses iron for 

 the framework. The following Table will show the tonnage of the various kinds of 

 vessels that have been laimched in Dundee since the year 1861, and also the tonnage 

 on the stocks in Jime of this year : — 



Wooden sailing-vessels laimched since 18G1 1-3,673 



On the stocks, June 1867 748 



14,421 



Wooden steamers launched since 1861 5,621 



On the stocks, June 1867 520 



— . 6,141 



Total tonnage of wooden vessels 20,562 



Iron sailing-vessels launched since 1861 5,002 



On the stocks, June 1867 1,066 



6,068 



Iron steamers launched since 1861 11,356 



On the stocks, June 1867 1,130 



12,486 



Total tonnage of iron vessels 18,-'J54 



Composite sailing-vessels laimched since 1861 .... 1,847 



On the stocks, June 1867 601 



2,448 



Total tonnage of composite vessels • 2,448 



Total tons 41,564 



