64: REPORT—1868. 
There were no data for determining the coast-line of the Crag, but it was pro- 
bably a line of cliffs extending in a direction somewhat paralled with the present 
eastern coast of Norfolk, and about twenty miles westward of it. At Yarmouth, 
where the London clay covered up the chalk, a different condition of things must 
have obtained. Indeed, in early postcretaceous times, there seems to have been a 
depression of erosion in course of the valley of the Waveney and the Little 
Ouse. There is no evidence that the sea of the Crag period occupied any part of 
the present estuary of the Wash. It is probable, on the other hand, that the 
chalk must have extended considerably to the westward of its present escarpment. 
Immediately upon the chalk at Thorpe, where the Crag rests upon it, is a thick 
bed of angular flints, which appears to be the accumulated result of the removal of 
the chalk intervening between several successive layers. It is amongst these 
flints that numerous bones, teeth, and tusks of Mastodon and Elephas meridionalis 
and other mammalia occur. The author’s opinion was that the chalk to which these 
flints are due was removed by the erosion of currents, which were not strong enough 
to remove the flints. To account for the bones found amongst these flints there 
was the alternative that the chalk formed a land surface on which bones were left, 
the flints being accounted for by subaérial solution of the chalk. After discussing the 
difficulties which this supposition raised, he proceeded to consider the succession 
of events subsequent to the period of the Crag. As to the Chillesford clay, the 
author recanted his formerly published view (referred to by the President of the 
Section), and added that, although he agreed with Messrs. Wood regarding the 
sequence downwards from the Chillesford clay to the Crag, whether red or fluvio- 
marine, he did not think that its position relative to the Forest-bed and glacial 
series above was yet satisfactorily made out, and expressed an opinion, rendered 
probable by the occurrence of whales’ bones in both, that it might be identical 
with the soil in which the preglacial Forest-bed was rooted. 
The author then traced the course of events until the close of the glacial period, 
adopting Mr. 8. V. Wood, jun.’s views of their division into “ Lower,” “ Middle,” 
and “ Upper Drift.” He showed that the contortions in the lower drift were chiefly 
due to the precipitation of large masses of gravel, chalk, &e. pe a soft bottom, and 
proved that Mr. Trimmer’s supposition of the sinking of blocks of ice was a neces- 
sary result of the thawing of masses containing a portion of earthy matter; and he 
explained the anomalous position of patches of shelly gravels, containing abun- 
dance of Tellina solidula, by supposing them portions of frozen beach deposited un- 
thawed at the bottom of the sea. 
The author subsequently referred to the denudations by which the present con- 
tour of the surface has been formed. He thought that we must look to the action 
of the sea for the removal of the greater part of the strata which have disappeared, 
but to subaérial action for the present contour; and, referring to his Sablished 
views, attributed the latter to the action of land-ice. To this he considered due 
the peculiar disturbed condition of the first three or four feet of almost every sec- 
tion, and the furrows often extending to more than twice that depth, filled with 
materials from higher ground in rear. He adduced also the recurved edges of 
vertical slate-beds, to be met with even on level ground, as evidences of the same 
action. 
The author then remarked upon some of the peculiarities of the surface-contour 
of Norfolk, especially its Broads and Meres, and suggested that they had probably 
a glacial origin, and arose from the occupation of the surface hereabout by ice at a 
later date than in other parts of England, as now the January Isothermal of 32° F, 
approaches nearest to this Das of England. It must be premised that a low mean 
temperature is necessary for the production of land-ice, although not for floating 
ice, which is carried by currents into temperate regions. He likewise attempte 
to explain the remarkable flat valley occupying the watershed at Lopham Ford 
by glacial denudation. 
On the Skull and Bones of an Iquanodon. By the Rev. W. Fox. 
The object of this paper was to show that the author has discovered a new 
species of Izuanodon. In proof of this he exhibited a skull, which, from the cha- 
racter of its teeth, there could be no doubt belonged to an Ieuanodon. The skull, 
