TRANSACTIONS OF THE SECTIONS. 81 
depositing the so-called Crag containing Zellina solidula), represent a land surface 
of some period anterior to this so-called Crag. That as this period extends from 
the close of the true Crag series downwards, such land surface may be either con- 
temporaneous with the true Crag series (which has no place on the northern coast 
of Norfolk), or may be of a period intervening between the close of that series and 
the actual submergence of northern Norfolk, which was accompanied by the intro- 
duction of Tellina solidula, and the accumulation of the Weybourne sand, or so- 
called “ Crag” of the Cromer coast *. 
That the mammalian teeth and jaw fragments of terrestrial Mammalia ( generally 
more or less rolled), obtained as yet from the Fluviomarine Crag and Chillesford 
beds, do not represent the mammalian fauna of the deposit in which they occur, 
but are derivative from some older bed. 
That, contrary to the views of the Rey. John Gunn and others, who discover an 
Upper and Lower Boulder-clay in the clitis between Weybourne and Eccles, and 
identify the former with the great Boulder-clay formation of the East of England, 
the authors regard everything in those cliffs as inferior, not only to the great 
Boulder-clay, but also to the extensive sands and gravels termed by them Middle 
Glacial ; these sands and gravels (which underlie a large part of the great Boulder- 
ciay in the counties of Norfolk, Suffolk, Essex, Hertford, Buckingham, and Leices- 
ter) only capping with their base the cliffs in places, but in greater mass forming 
the sand hills, which immediately inland occupy higher ground than the top of the 
cliffs, and ave spread extensively over northern Norfolk. 
That all the beds of the cliff-section between Eccles and Weybourne (except the 
patches of the base of the Middle Glacial sands, which in places ‘cap it) form a 
series of themselves which they term the Lower Glacial, and are throughout cha- 
racterized by the presence of Tellina solidula. These are divisible into the following, 
which are given in the ascending order. 
A. The Weybourne Sand, the base of which, when resting on the Chalk, is 
often occupied by an accumulation of shell-patches known to collectors as “The 
Norwich Crag” of the coast. This sand becomes, east of Cromer, charged with 
lignite, and often laminated with bands of lignitiferous clay, in which condition it 
constitutes the “laminated series” of the Rey. John Gunn. In that condition it 
is unfossiliferous, the lignite intermixture apparently rendering it unsuited for 
molluscan life, of which the remains are usually present when in its pure condition, 
This sand passes up by interbedding into— 
B. The Cromer Till, or “ Lower Boulder-clay”” of Mr. Gunn, a sandy clay with 
numerous small stones, and with occasionally a boulder of larger dimensions. 
c. Sands which, where the cliff is uncontorted, are seen to be indented into a 
deeply eroded surface of the Till, and to have themselves been also denuded, so as 
to form an even floor for the ensuing formation, viz. :— 
p. The Contorted Drift. This bed is the widest spread of the Lower Glacial 
series. It begins in the north of Suffolk as a reddish-brown brick-earth, a few 
feet thick, resting on the sands with pebbles, before described, but sometimes the 
pebbly sands haye been removed. It comes up at the base of Pakefield and Corton 
cliffs (where, as well as in the sections at Bishops Bridge, Norwich, it is called by 
Mr. Gunn and others “ Lower Boulder-clay”), and thickening rapidly as it extends 
northwards, comes out at the eastern termination of the Cromer coast section at 
Eccles, as the well-known Contorted Drift of that coast, from whence it extends 
continuously, and as the uppermost bed of the cliff (except the sand cappings) to 
Weybourne. The authors state that they have traced it from its attenuated com- 
mencement in the north-east of Suffolk and south-east of Norfolk in every direc- 
tion northwards, and found it at Cargate Green, near Acle (ten miles only south of 
* The authors would observe that the position of the bed yielding wood and mam- 
malian remains beneath the Middle Glacial sands at Kessingland Cliff in Suffolk, seems, 
from its position relatively to the Chillesford clay, two miles distant, to be clearly sub- 
Sequent to the close of the Crag series; but whether this bed be synchronous with the 
whole of the Forest and freshwater deposits of the Cromer coast, or whether the latter may 
not represent a much longer duration of land surface—a duration embracing the period of 
the Kessingland bed, but reaching back into the Crag period—must be determined by the 
palxontological evidence only. 
1868. . 6 
