158 REPORT—1868. 
Popula- | Pauper- | Expendi- | Pound- | Wheat | Rateable 
ee tion. ism. ture. age. at Property. 
£8. Gl eae £ 
1834 | 14,822,000] ...... 6,317,255 
1844 | 16,410,000} 800,000 | 4,976,093 |1 6 3] ...... 64,000,000 
1854 | 18,617,000} 864,617 | 5,232,853 |1 8 1/61 7 | 69,000,000 
1864 | 20,663,000} 1,014,078 | 6,423,588 |1 4 5/45 2 
1865 | 20,881,000; 951,899 | 6,264,961 |1 4 0/89 8 |93,600,000 
1866 | 21,100,000} 916,152 | 6,459,517 | ...... 3 6 
TOR Me Rs 1,040,952 | 6,959,840] ...... 58 72 
During part of the same period the emigration has stood thus :— 
Tsoi Pe Recs wc s doce oc 22,145 
IE Ogee ECS odo nb oti 35,487 > England and Wales. 
DEG cccnacyaceleratn mes petted 61,248 
Of these, the first ten years only show any decrease ; and the conclusion is once 
more reached, that Poor Laws cannot cure a moral evil so deep seated as this. 
Nevertheless, thus abandoned, the worling classes were not idle on their own 
behalf. They formed societies of different sorts. Of Friendly Societies, the first 
was formed in 1793, since which their number has reached 24,800, with 3,000,000 
members, and £20,000,000 of assets. 
Medical clubs have also been successfully carried out, the chief obstacle being 
the dependence upon Poor-law relief. ; 
Cooperative Associations are still higher efforts of the same class, and of these 
406 at present exist, with 175,243 members, and £1,009,849 of assets. 
The Trades’ Union is another spontaneous effort of a proletarian class, and as- 
sociated in antagonism to capital it forms a problem of the gravest character. 
It must be tested and examined in no unkindly spirit, lest a permanent hosti- 
lity be the result. 
Judging from antecedents, it is but a transitory phase, and its principle of self- 
sacrifice the only imperishable part. 
From such materials it is not easy to predicate the future of the working class. 
Spontaneous development can only be trusted where education is complete. 
For Poor Laws cannot we substitute Friendly and Medical Societies, self-sup- 
porting and independent? 
For Trades’ Unions, a communism of a higher class, Is there no social economy 
of another order, or gentler code of laws more in accordance with the Christianity 
we profess? Upon the answer found will depend the stability of our society and 
the ati of the working class. 
On the Statistics of Pulmonary Consumption in 623 Districts of England and 
Wales. By Epwarovs Crisp, ILD. 
The subject is one of great importance as regards the health, happiness, and 
longevity of the human race; for, notwithstanding the sanitary measures adopted 
in this and other countries, the author had reason to believe that phthisis was on the 
increase. It appeared to follow the march of civilization, and its prevalence had 
a direct connexion with population and the artificial habits and the vitiated atmo- 
sphere in which they lived. The author took his returns as to the mortality of 
England and Wales from phthisis from the Registrar-General’s report from 1851 
to 1861, dividing the population by the number of deaths, so that the highest 
numbers indicated the greatest exemption from disease. At Thetford one person 
in 28 dies from phthisis; and the quantity of stagnant water in and about the 
town and in the surrounding districts is, in part, sufficient to account for this 
large amount of mortality. In the following towns in Norfolk, with the districts 
around, the mortality from this disease is as follows :—Guiltercross 29, Walsing- 
