z 
May 21, 1885] 
NATORE 
69 
— 
_ this is present in the other species mentioned above, and from 
its characters it is provisionally named Actiniohematin. 
(2) It is not actiniochrome (a pigment found by Prof. Moseley 
in the tentacles of Bwnodes crassicornis), as its band occurs 
nearer the violet than that of antiniochrome. Moreover, both 
actiniochrome and actiniohematin can be extracted with 
glycerin, in which the latter is convertible into hamochro- 
-mogen, but the former remains unchanged. Actiniochrome is 
generally confined to the tentacles, and is not respiratory, 
—actiniohzematin occurs in the ectoderm and endoderm, and is 
_ respiratory. 
___(3) A special colouring matter is found in Sagartia parasitica, 
_ different from either of the above, and this too exists in different 
_ states of oxidation. It is not apparently identical with that 
_ obtained by Heider from Cerzanthus membranaceus. 
(4) In the mesoderm and elsewhere in Actinia mesembryan- 
themum and other species, a green pigment occurs which alone 
and in solution gives all the reactions of dz/iverdin. 
(5) Anthea cereus, Bunodes balliz, and Sagartia bellis, yield to 
solvents a colouring matter resembling chlorofucin, and all the 
colouring matter, which in them shows this spectrum, is derived 
from the ‘‘ yellow cells” (= symbiotic alge), which are abund- 
_antly present in their tentacles and elsewhere. It is not identical 
with any animal or plant chlorophyll, as is proved by adding 
reagents to its alcoholic solution. 
_ (6) When “‘ yellow cells” are present, there appears to be a 
suppression of those colouring matters which in other species are 
of respiratory use. 
April 23.—‘‘ Magnetisation of Iron.” 
BM-A., D.Sc., F.R.S. 
The paper contains an account of the results of experi- 
ments which have been made on a considerable number of 
samples of iron and steel of known composition, including 
samples of cast iron, malleable cast iron, wrought iron, ordinary 
steels, manganese, chromium, tungsten, and silicon steels. The 
electrical resistance and the magnetic properties are determined 
in absolute measure. Amongst the electrical resistances the 
most noteworthy fact is the very high resistance of cast iron, as 
much as ten times that of wrought iron. The fact that man- 
ganese steel is almost non-magnetic is verified, and its actual 
permeability measured. The action of manganese appears to 
be to reduce the maximum magnetisation of steel, and in a still 
greater ratio the residual magnetism, but not to affect the 
coercive force materially, It is shown that the observed per- 
meability of manganese steel containing 12 per cent. of man- 
ganese would be accounted for by assuming that this material 
consists of a perfectly non-magnetic material, in which are scat- 
tered about one-tenth part of isolated particles of pure iron. 
Some practical applications of the results are discussed. 
April 30.—‘‘ Further Observations on Enterochlorophyll and 
Allied Pigments.” By C. A. MacMunn, M.A., M.D. 
In a paper read before the Royal Society in 1883, the writer 
described the spectroscopic and other characters of entero- 
chlorophyll which was obtained from the liver or other append- 
age of the ezferon of various invertebrates (hence the name). It 
is now shown that this pigment is 7o¢ due to the presence of 
symbiotic alge, or immediate food-products, but is built up by 
the animal containing it. 
Taking the six bands! of vegetable chlorophyll in alcoholic 
solution described by Kraus, the first two and the fourth are 
coincident with those of enterochlorophyll in a similar solution ; 
the third band is, however, frequently missing from the latter. 
The fifth and sixth bands belong to the yellow constituent, which 
Hansen shows to be a lipochrome ; the corresponding bands in 
the case of enterochlorophyll also belong to a lipochrome, and 
are not always coincident with the lipochrome bands of plant- 
chlorophyll. This was proved by saponifying enterochlorophyll 
by Hansen’s method (as described in NaTurE, vol. xxx. p 
224). But saponification of vegetable chlorophpll changes it 
considerably, as bands of a solution, before saponifying, do not 
correspond with those of a similar solution after saponifying. 
Hansen’s results were confirmed as far as the separation of 
*‘chlorophyll green” and ‘ chlorophyll yellow ” are concerned, 
and the crystals described by him obtained. 
While the dominant band of “ chlorophyll green” in solutions 
of plant-chlorophyll is moved much nearer the violet by saponi- 
_fying, or split up into two in some cases, the corresponding band 
By John Hopkinson, 
* The five bands in a leaf, as described by Kraus, can be seen by using 
& micro-spectroscope of small dispersion and good substage achromatic 
condenser, 
of enterochlorophyll disappears z# tofo, or remains in the same 
place. Another difference was also noted in the case of entero- 
chlorophyll and in the case of Sfongzl/a chlorophyll, namely, 
that it is impossible to bring about a com//efe separation of the 
constituents in most cases by saponifying and treating as Hansen 
directs. 
All ‘the bands of a solution of Sfongz//a chlorophyll are co- 
incident with those of a similar solution of plant chlorophyll, as 
already proved by Prof. Lankester and Mr. Sorby. 
From the enterochlorophyll of Uvraster rubens crystals of 
** chlorophyll yellow” and ‘‘chlorophyll green” were obtained 
by saponifying. 
Morphologically, enterochlorophyll occurs—as proved by the 
examination of fresh-frozen sections—in oil-globules, granules, 
and dissolved in the protoplasm of the liver cells ; no starch or 
cellulose could be found in such sections after adopting the usual 
botanical precautions. 
Hence enterochlorophyll is an animal product, and a chloro- 
phyll, of which there are probably several occurring in animals. 
Geological Society, April 29.—Prof. T. G. Bonney, 
D.Sc., LL.D., F.R.S., President, in the chair.—James Back- 
house, Percy Bosworth Smith, and James Shipman were elected 
Fellows of the Society.—The following communications were 
read :—On the structure of the ambulacra of some fossil genera 
and species of regular Echinoidea, by Prof. P. Martin Duncan, 
M.B. (Lond.), F.R.S., V.P. Linn. Soc. After noticing the 
general knowledge which exists about the structure of the 
ambulacra in the Cidaridz and the elaborate investigations of 
Loven on the Triplechinide, the author brought before the 
Society the results of his own work with and without the co- 
operation of his fellow-worker in the description of the Echin- 
oidea of Sind, Mr. Percy Sladen, F.G.S., and which referred to 
the Diadematide and the Arbaciadee of the recent faunas. 
Starting with the knowledge of the construction of the modern 
Diadematidze, the author investigated the genera Hemipedina, 
Pseudodiadema, Pedina, Hemicidaris, Diplopodia, and Cyphosoma. 
The necessity for the re-establishment of the genus Dip/opodia was 
shown, and a new genus, Plesiodiadema, was founded. Pseudo- 
diadema, shorn of the forms included in these genera, remains 
and differs more from Dzadema than has been believed. The 
method of the growth of the great plates of Memictdaris was 
explained, and the comparison between the peristomial plates of 
some of the Diadematidze and the universal structure of the 
ambulacral plates in Pedina was made. The author considered 
that there are six types of ambulacra in the regular Echinoidea, 
so far as the group has been investigated, there still remaining 
much to be done. These types are the Cidaroid, Diadematoid, 
Arbacioid, Echinoid, Cyphosomoid, and Diplopodous. In 
conclusion the succession in time of the structures which 
characterise these types was considered.—The Glacial period 
in Australia, by R. von Lendenfeld, Ph.D. Communicated 
by W. T. Blanford, LL.D., F.R.S., Sec.G.S. Although 
several previous writers have suggested that boulders and 
gravels found in different parts of Australia are of glacial 
origin, the evidence is vague, and no clear proof of glaciation 
has been brought forward. During a recent ascent of the highest 
ranges in Australia, parts of the Australian Alps, the author 
succeeded in discovering a peak which he named ‘‘ Mount 
Clarke,” 7256 feet high, and in finding traces of glaciation in 
the form of voches moutonnées throughout an area of about 100 
square miles. The best-preserved of the ice-worn surfaces were 
found in a valley named by the author the ‘* Wilkinson Valley,” 
running from north-east to south-west, immediately south of 
Miiller’s Peak and the Abbot Range. No traces of ice-action 
were found at less than 5800 feet above the sea. Tle rocks 
showing ice-action are all granitic, and the fact that the surfaces 
have been polished by glaciers is said to be proved by the great 
size of such surfaces, by their occurrence on spurs and projecting 
points, by many of them being worn down to the same general 
level, and by their not coinciding in direction with the joints that 
traverse the rock. In conclusion the author briefly compared 
the evidence of glacial action in Australia with that in New 
Zealand.—The physical conditions involved in the injection, 
extrusion, and cooling of igneous matter, by H. J. Johnston- 
Lavis, M.D., F.G.S., &c. The great disproportion between 
the displays of volcanic activity in the same volcano at different 
times, and between the eruptions of different volcanoes, is a 
subject deserving the most attentive consideration. The violence 
of a volcanic outburst does not bear any relation to the quantity 
