250 
geologist of the familiar Liassic Extvacrzuus, and give a 
singularly antique aspect to the fauna. Not less interesting 
is the living AAzzocrinws, whichis a dwarfed and degraded 
descendant of the well-known chalk fossil Bourgetécrinus, 
as this in turn appears to have been a dwarfed representa- 
tive of the Pear-encrinites of the Jurassic rocks. The 
genus Bathycrinus, previously known only from a single 
immature specimen, is now shown to have a wide exten- 
sion in the Atlantic, but is not known in the fossil state. 
While the stalked crinoids have been dying out, the | 
Comatule, or Feather-Stars, are probably more abundant 
now than at any former geological period, no fewer than | 
four hundred species being now known, and three of the 
six genera into which they are referable having been dis- 
covered by the Challenger. In connection with the subject 
of recent crinoids some interesting observations are given 
regarding the Myzostomid parasites that infest these 
creatures and produce singular mal-formations. The re- 
semblance of these distortions to those found upon many 
fossil Palzeozoic crinoids no doubt indicates the presence 
of similar parasites even in the waters of the Paleozoic | 
NATURE 
[Fuly 16, 1885 
oceans. From the rich trawlings below water we are led 
by the narrative to the abundant bird-life of the Southern 
Ocean and to the conclusions regarding the structure and 
affinities of the Petrels reached by that able and lamented 
naturalist, the late Mr. W. A. Forbes. 
From the pages of the narrative a good notion of 
Kerguelen with its snowfields and lavas, and Heard 
Island with its ice-cliffs and glaciers can be obtained. 
The profusion of life in these southern waters is not a 
little remarkable—sponges, alcyonarians, holothurians, 
ophiurids, asterids, echinids, annelids, amphipods, 
polyzoa, gasteropods, cephalopods, and many other 
invertebrates. But the Challenger now pushes southward 
to the Antarctic ice-cliffs, and as these seas are but little 
known, full details of this part of the navigation are given, 
with the soundings, dredgings, trawlings, and temperature 
observations taken along the route. Numerous woodcuts, 
phototypes, and chromolithographs of icebergs observed in 
the Antarctic Ocean are inserted, and a special chapter is 
devoted to the history of exploration in these seas, and to 
an account of observations made by the scientific staff of 
Fic. 5.—New Volcano, Camiguin Island. 
the Challenger on Antarctic temperatures, the density of 
sea-water, the true composition of sea-water ice, Ant- 
arctic icebergs, the deposits formed on the sea-bottom in 
the icy tracts of the Southern Ocean, the surface organisms 
of these seas, and a detailed summary regarding the 
hexactinellid and tetractinellid sponges collected. 
Escaping from the perils of the ice-fields and Antarctic 
gales the vessel bears away to Australia, touching at 
Melbourne and Sydney and then, passing between the 
North and South Islands of New Zealand and northwards 
to the Fiji Islands, turns westwards again, through the 
Coral, Celebes and China Seas to Hong Kong. The 
account of this portion of the voyage is enriched with 
descriptions of numerous groups of animals collected 
during the expedition, particularly macrurous and brachy- 
urous crustaceans, butterflies and moths, meduse, star- 
fishes, amphipods, lamellibranchs, annelides, calcareous 
and horny sponges. The next track, from Hong Kong by 
Manila, Zebu, and the Admiralty Islands to Japan, takes 
up nearly 100 pages of the narrative. Among the more 
interesting observations recorded are those relating to the 
volcano of Camiguin Island, which burst forth upon a low 
plain in the summer of the year 1871 and in four years 
}and a half rose to 1,950 feet in height, with abundant 
discharge of steam and with glowing lava at its summit 
| (Fig. 5). The mountain is a dome-shaped mass rising 
| from the seashore. It consists of various andesitic lavas 
| but seems to possess no crater, resembling in this respect 
| some of the trachytic domes of Auvergne. ‘The lava is 
described as having apparently “issued from a central 
cavity and boiled over, as it were, till it set into the form 
| of the dome.” Probably the volcano is an example of 
| the extravasation of viscous lava in successive shells, of 
which the outer are pushed outwards and upwards by the 
| arrival of fresh material from below, as illustrated experi- 
| mentally by Reyer. Mr. Busk supplies a véswmé of his 
| Report on the Polyzoa of the expedition. Professor E. 
| Perceval Wright gives one on the Alcyonaria; Dr. 
| Rudolph Bergh, one on the Nudibranchs ; Professor 
| Turner, one on the crania of the Admiralty and other 
Pacific Islanders; Professor G. O. Sars, one on the 
Schizopods and other crustaceans. 
From Japan we are transported to the centre of the 
| Pacific Ocean, and learn much by the way regarding the 
