358 
Gateshead, 150/.; William T. Calderwood, 25, mechanical 
draughtsman, Glasgow, and John Richards, 22, blacksmith, 
Cardiff, equal, 150/. each; Ernest R. Dolby, 23, engineer, 
Leeds, 150/. ; James Rorison, 21, engine fitter, Paisley, 150/. ; 
Arthur J. Moulton, 20, engineer apprentice, Preston, 150/. ; 
William MeNeill, 22, mechanic, Birmingham, 100/. ; George 
W. Moreton, 24, fitter, Crewe, 100/. ; Stephen E. Mallinson, 
24, assistant analyst, London, 1oo/.; Henry C. Jenkins, 23, 
engineer and millwright, London, 100/.; Robert Smith, 24, 
engineer, Glasgow, 100/.; Thomas W. Nash, 21, engineer, 
London, 1oo/. ; Henry F. W. Burstall, 19, engineer apprentice, 
London, 1oo/.; Arthur J. Stopher, 22, mechanical engineer, 
Nottingham, 100/.; Sidney H. Wells, 19, marine engineer 
apprentice, London, r1oo/. ; George Milnes, 24, fitter, Charlton, 
Kent, 100/. ; Henry Begbey, 22, engineer, Old Chariton, Kent, 
too/. ; John Goodman, 23, engineer, Brighton, 100/. ; Mark H. 
Crummie, 21, mechanical engineer, Hull, 1oo/. ; Oliver Marsh, 
22, fitter and turner, Crewe, 100/.; Thomas Galbraith, 23, 
pattern maker, Manchester, 100/; Joseph H. Bowles, 23, 
engine fitter, Stratford, 100/. 
SCIENTIFIC SERIALS 
American Fournal of Science, June.—Notes on American 
earthquakes, with a summary of the seismic disturbances re- 
corded in North and South America and adjacent waters during 
the year 1884, by C. G. Rockwood, jun.—Taconic rocks and 
stratigraphy (continued) : V. metamorphism and mineral consti- 
tution in the Taconic region, gradational from west to east and 
from north to south, by James D. Dana,—Notes on the possible 
age of some of the Mesozoic rocks of the Queen Charlotte 
Islands and British Columbia, by J. F. Whiteaves.—Crystallised 
Tiemannite and metacinnabarite, by Samuel L. Penfield. To 
the paper is appended a note by Prof. J. E. Clayton on the 
occurrence of Tiemannite in a mine 200 miles south of Salt Lake 
City.—On the gahnite occurring in the Davis Mines of Rowe, 
Massachusetts.—The genealogy and age of the species in the 
southern Old Tertiaries, by Dr, Otto Meyer.—On some speci- 
mens of meteoric iron from Trinity County, California, by 
Charles Upham Shepard. The analysis yielded: iron, 88°810 ; 
nickel, 7°278 ; cobalt, 0°172 ; phosphorus, 0°120.—The Potsdam 
group east of the Blue Ridge at Balcony Falls, Virginia, by 
H. D. Campbell.—Geology of the sea-bottom in the approaches 
to New York Bay, by A. Lindenkohl.—Additional notes on the 
KXettle-Holes of the Wood’s Holl region, Massachusetts, by 
B. F. Koons.—Cause of the apparently perfect cleavage in 
American sphene (titanite), by G. H. Williams. 
American Fournal of Science, Jaly.—Contributions to meteoro- 
logy. Twenty-first paper: direction and velocity of movement 
of areas of low pressure, by Prof. Elias Loomis. The paper is 
accompanied by numerous tables showing the average direction 
of storm tracts, the comparative tracts of storm and atmospheric 
currents over the Atlantic and United States, the progress of 
storm centres in Europe.—Note on some Palzozoic Pteropods, 
by Charles D. Walcott. With some hesitation the writer 
includes in the Pteropod group such organisms as Conularia, 
Hyolithes, Coleolus, Salterella, Pterotheca, as well as Matthevia, 
which is here chiefly dealt with. This peculiar shell, which he 
so names in honour of Mr. G. F. Matthew, is, however, so dis- 
tinct from all described forms of Pteropoda that a new family 
Matthevidee, is proposed to receive the one genus now known. 
—A determination of the B.A. unit in terms of the mechanical 
equivalent of heat, by Lawrence B. Fletcher. The experimental 
work here described was completed in 1881, and forms the sub- 
“ect of a thesis submitted to the Johns Hopkins University in 
that year. In the present paper a more accurate method of 
calculating the currents from the deflection-curves is used, and 
some of the other calculations have been revised. But in other 
respects the results of the two papers are substantially the same. 
The experiment consists of simultaneous thermal and electrical 
measurements of the energy expended by a current ina coil of 
wire immersed in a calorimeter. The result depends upon the 
values of the mechanical equivalent and the unit of resistance, 
and gives a determination of either in terms of an assumed value 
of the other.—Cause of irregularities in the action of galvanic 
batteries, by Hammond V. Hayes and John Trowbridge. Here 
is investigated the phenomenon known as ‘‘endosmose,”’ that 
is, the action by which the electric current carries whatever 
comes in its way from the positive to the negative electrode.— 
NATURE 
[August 13, 1885 
On the sensitiveness of the eye to colours of a low degree of 
saturation, by Dr. Edward L. Nichols.—A study of thermome- 
ters intended to measure temperatures from 100° to 300° C., by 
O. T. Sherman.— Notice of a new Limuloid crustacean from 
the Devonian formations of Erie County, Pennsylvania, by 
Henry Shaler Williams. This specimen, provisionally identified 
with Prestwichia, would appear to throw back the range of 
that group to an earlier period than hitherto reported. The 
earliest previously-discovered Prestwichia occurs in the Car- 
boniferous formations.—Gerhardtite and artificial basic cupric 
nitrates, by H. L. Wells and S. L. Penfield. The 
mineral here described under the name of Gerhardtite was 
first identified as a new species by Prof. Geo. J. Brush, who 
found it among a lot of copper minerals from the United Verde 
Copper Mines, Jerome, Arizona. Its specific gravity is 3°426; 
hardness, 2; colour, dark green; streak, light green; trans- 
parent ; crystals, orthorhombic.—On the occurrence of fayalite in 
the lithophyses of obsidian and rhyolite in the Yellowstone. 
National Park, by Joseph P. Iddings.—The genealogy and age 
of the species in the Southern Old Tertiary. Part 2. The age 
of the Vicksburg and Jackson Beds, by Dr. Otto Meyer.—On 
the probable occurrence of the great Welsh Paradoxides (P?. 
davidis) in America, by Geo. F. Matthew. This largest and 
most remarkable species of Paradoxides occurring in the 
primordial fauna of Europe was first discovered about twenty 
years ago by Dr. Henry Hicks near St. Dayid’s, Wales, and 
subsequently (1869) in Sweden. But its presence has only 
recently been suspected in America, where specimens of large 
species appear to occur both in the Cambrian slate at Saint 
John, New Brunswick, and in a hard silico-caleareous shale at 
Highland’s Cove, Trinity Bay, Newfoundland. 
Bulletin of the Philosophical Society of Washington, vol, vii. 
—Besides the usual reports of the officers of the Society, this 
volume contains alearned address by the President (Mr. James 
C. Welling) on the atomic philosophy, physical and meta- 
physical ; abstracts, among other, of papers by Mr, W. H. 
Dale, on recent advances in our knowledge of limpets; by Mr. 
Russell, on the existing glaciers of the High Sierra of Cali- 
fornia ; by Prof. Kerr, on the mica mines of North Carolina; 
by Mr. Riley, on recent advances in economic entomology, in 
which the part which insects play in the economy of nature, and 
particularly their influence in American agriculture, were dis- 
cussed. Mr. Burnett explained why the eyes of animals 
shine in the dark. It is not due, he says, to phosphor- 
escence, as has been commonly supposed, but to light 
reflected from the bottom of the eye, which light is diffused 
on account of the hypermetropic condition that is the rule 
in the lower animals. Mr. Johnson writes on some eccen- 
tricities of ocean currents, compiled from the records of the 
Lighthouse Board ; Mr. Clarke on the periodic law of chemical 
elements; Mr. Hazen, on the recent sun-glows; Mr. Russell, 
on deposits of volcanic dust in the great basin ; Mr. Gilbert, on 
the diversion of water-courses by the rotation of the earth; Mr. 
Doolittle, on music and the chemical elements; Mr. Bates, on 
the physical basis of phenomena (which is printed in full). Mr. 
Gilbert presented a plan for the subject, bibliography of North 
American geological literature ; Mr. Matthews, in a paper 
bearing the title of natural naturalists, combated the notion that 
savages are versed only in the knowledge of animals and plants 
which contribute to their wants. The writer found that Indians 
have a comprehensive knowledge of animals and plants; as a 
class the Indians ‘‘are incomparably superior to the average 
white man, or to the white man who has not made zoology or 
botany a subject of study.” The Indian also is as good a 
generaliser and classifier as his Caucasian brother. Several 
speakers who followed agreed in this conclusion.—Mr, Dutton 
has a paper on the volcanoes and lava fields of New Mexico.— 
The following ar2 among the principal papers in the Mathe- 
matical Section: Mr. Gilbert, on the problem of the Knight’s 
tour; Mr, Farquhar, on empirical formule for the diminution 
of amplitude of a freely oscillating pendulum ; Mr. Hall, on the 
formulz: for computing the position of a satellite (which is 
printed in full) ; Mr. Kummel, on the quadric transformation of 
elliptic integrals, combined with the algorithm of the arith- 
metico-geometric mean. 
Bulletin de V Académie Royale de Belgique, May.—M. Ch, 
Fievez, on the influence of magnetism on the characters of the 
spectral rays. The increase of the luminous intensity of the 
spark and its spectrum is attributed to the action of magnetism 
