572 
NALORE 
[ Oct. 15, 1885 
of the previous evening. . . . When the rennet is added 
the milk is gently stirred with a long spoon for two or 
three minutes ; a wooden cover is then placed on each 
pan, and it is left for five or six hours. . . . The curd is 
then taken out by spoonfuls and put into cylindrical white 
metal moulds which cost about 4s. 6d. a dozen, and which 
are open at both ends. These are previously placed upon 
rush mats upon slightly inclined tables, and which have 
on the lower extremity a small gutter which carries off 
the whey into a receptacle beneath. . . . When the curd 
has remained two days in moulds the cheese possesses con- 
sistency enough to enable it to be moved with ease. Then 
the left hand is placed beneath it, and, assisted by the right 
hand, cheese and mould are turned, so that the top face is 
placed at the bottom, in contact with the mat. At the 
end of thirty-six to forty-eight hours from filling, the 
cheeses are taken out of the moulds and salted. ... When 
salted, they are placed upon the wooden shelves above 
the draining tables, and here they are left for two or three 
days until they are ready to be sent to the Aé/ozr.” 
We have quoted the foregoing passage in order to show 
that there is nothing more complicated in the making of 
a French Camembert cheese, nor yet so complicated, as 
in the making of an English Cheddar. Whether by fol- 
lowing Mr. Long’s directions an English dairyman could 
produce the correct type and flavour can only be demon- 
strated by trial, but probably a cheese would be produced 
suitable to English methods which would add to the 
variety of our dairy products and find a ready market. 
Mr. Long also describes the manufacture of various other 
cheeses, among which are Pont l’Evéque, Livarot, 
Mignot, Boudon, Brie, Géromé, Coulommiers, Mont d’Or, 
Void, Suisse, St. Remy, Gervais, St. Marcellin, Jour iac, 
Gex, and a large number of others, the mere mention of 
which would occupy more space than we can spare. 
Mr. Long has certainly contributed a handy text-book 
which it is hoped will find its way among and be studied 
by dairy farmers. 
JOHN WRIGHTSON 
OUR BOOK SHELF 
Chain Cables and Chains. By Thomas W. Traill, C.E., 
R.N., the Engineer-Surveyor to the Board of Trade. 
(London : Crosby Lockwood, and Co., 1885.) 
IN the volume before us we find the business of chain 
cable-making in its several branches well explained and 
illustrated ; nor does the aim of the author end here. 
There is information given which is most useful to sur- 
veyors and inspectors, and we recommend all who have 
to deal either with the manufacture, inspection, or 
testing of chain cables to study the work. The 
volume contains many well-executed plates, showing 
good, bad, and indifferently-formed links, &c., for various 
kinds of cables, also tables of the best dimensions of each 
part of each link and shackle used in cables from 7-16th 
to 2} inches, the dimensions being given in decimals to 
two places, and also calculated to thirty-second parts of 
aninch. We find also exact copies of certificates given 
by the several public proving establishments, seven plates 
in all, more than one example being quite unnecessary, 
varying as they do only in colour and the name of the 
town in which the establishment happens to be. 
After a few pages giving an outline of the general 
manufacture and the methods of welding the links, we 
have a long historical chapter of the early uses of metallic 
chains, in which we are told that their uses date back to 
the time of Pharaoh and King Solomon; but it was not 
until 1808 that chain cables were used on board ship ; at 
this time a chain cable was used in a vessel called the 
Ann and Isabella, of 221 tons, built at Berwick, and 
owned by Joshua Donkin. This cable was made by 
Robert Flinn, in North Shields, perhaps the first artificer 
in chain cables. In the year 1833 the first machine for 
testing iron cables in a Government yard was put down 
at Woolwich, and in 1834, although chain cables were 
almost in general use, the rules of Lloyd’s Registry only 
specified the length, and it was not until twelve years 
afterwards it was part of the surveyor’s duty to see that 
they had been properly tested. The author gives a very 
interesting account of the progress of manufacture and 
general adoption of iron cables. We then find the various 
Acts of Parliament pertaining to their use given in full. 
All public proving establishments are now under the 
management of Lloyd’s Committee. 
The method of proving chain cables is as follows :-— 
From every length of 15 fathoms of the cable to be 
proved a piece consisting of three links is taken and sub- 
jected to an appropriate breaking-strain. If the piece so 
selected fail to withstand such a breaking-strain, another 
piece of three links is taken from the same 15-fathom 
length and tested in a like manner. If the first or second 
of such pieces withstand the breaking-strain, the remain- 
ing portion of the 15 fathoms of cable is then subjected 
to the tensile strain. If it is faund that after the applica- 
tion of the tensile strain the cable is without defects or 
flaws, it is then stamped as proved with the distinguishing 
marks of the proving establishment ; on the other hand, 
should the cable fail to stand the appropriate tests, it is 
rejected. Mr. Traill condemns the overtesting of cables, 
considering that the material is injured by so doing, and 
we agree with him in saying :—“ A moderate test is all 
that is not detrimental. Proving the iron from which the 
cable is made, and breaking a sufficient number of samples, 
is what can and should be done to prove the actual quality 
and reliability of a chain.” 
The volume does great credit to the publishers, being 
well printed on good paper. We can safely recommend 
this work to all in any way connected with the manufac- 
ture of chain cables and chains as a very good book. 
United States Coast and Geodetic Survey. Determination 
of Gravity at Stations in Pennsylvania, 1879-1880. 
Appendix No. 19. Report for 1883. 
THIS appendix is a portion of the Annual Report of 
the U.S. Survey, and contains the pendulum observations 
made in 1879-1880 by Mr. C. S. Peirce at three stations 
in Pennsylvania—namely, at the Alleghany Observatory, 
at Ebensburg, and at York. The observations form part 
of a series undertaken in connection with the Geodetic 
Survey of the United States. A Repsold reversible pen- 
dulum was used and oscillated zz vacuo, using various 
kinds of supports. At York a series of experiments were 
made to determine the effect of the flexure of the support. 
It appears from a previous report (Appendix No. 14 of 
1881) that Mr. C. S. Peirce maintained against MM. 
Plantamour and Hirsch in Switzerland, that the oscilla- 
tions of the support have a marked effect on the time of 
oscillation of the pendulum, and he accordingly under- 
took an exhaustive series of experiments to prove his 
point, and to measure the allowance to be made. The 
experiments given in Appendix No. 19 are only a small 
portion, and are in fact re-published from Appendix 
No. 14, with some few corrections. The question was 
disposed of in Appendix No. 14, and it was clearly shown 
that the flexure of the support ought to be taken into 
account, and it is evident, therefore, that the stiffness of 
the support is of vital importance. Experiments were 
also made at York to determine the relative value of the 
method of transits and a method of eye and ear coin- 
cidences invented by Mr. Farquhar; the method is not 
described, but appears to be far less accurate than the 
method of transits. The effect of substituting steel 
