594 
Wea DT Ones 
[ Oct. 22, 1885 
heads, near the carapaces of gigantic extinct armadillos 
(Glyptodon) which had served as ready-made roofs to 
the pits in the ground which formed the dwellings of the 
ancient savages of the Pampas. It seems that, though the 
relater was a well-known geological explorer, his account 
was received with such incredulity, even in the district, 
that the Argentine Scientific Society refused to allow a 
paper to be read before them. The present volume, 
however (p. 477), contains particulars of a further dis- 
covery of the same kind, a human skull and most part of 
the skeleton haying been found below an _ inverted 
Glyptodon carapace. This is not indeed conclusive, on 
account of the frequent displacement of the Pampas soi] 
by floods, and even were the contemporaneity of man and 
Glyptodon made out, the upper bed containing the remains 
of this huge edentate may be more recent than the qua- 
ternary date. But no doubt there will be more finds, and 
it may help the discussion to point out that there seems 
nothing improbable in a man’s living under a Glyptodon 
shell four or five feet long, inasmuch as there is classical 
authority for such habitations in the Old World. The 
natives of Ceylon, according to Elian, could live under 
their great turtle-shells as roofs; so Pliny mentions the 
Chelonophagi of the Persian Gulf covering their huts with 
the shells of turtles and living on the meat. It is 
to be feared that the late Dr. Lund’s researches in 
the limestone caves of Brazil, claimed as _ proving 
that the American man was a contemporary of the 
extinct megatherium and horse, were not made ac- 
curately enough to be relied on now, but it is well to 
keep them in view to encourage similar research. On 
the northern continent, Dr. Abbott’s rude implements of 
argillite trap are the most remarkable objects claimed as 
the work of Glacial man, and they have proper description 
and drawing here, while every other discovery worthy of 
any consideration receives it. As is usual in French 
works, proofs of the high geological age of man are re- 
ceived somewhat more readily than in our more sceptical 
English literature. An unusually full account is given of 
the shell-heaps which fringe the coasts of both Americas, 
sometimes fifty feet thick and more, so as even to be 
valuable for the supply of lime to the builders of neigh- 
bouring towns. The high age of some of these rubbish- 
heaps is shown by elevation of the ground having lifted 
them high above the sea-level where the shell-fish were 
doubtless cooked and eaten, while the cannibal habits of 
the rude savages of the shores are shown by the usual 
evidence of human bones split for the marrow. Probably 
the more recent heaps are those characterised by tobacco- 
pipes, and stone pestles and mortars like those in which 
the modern Indians bruise seeds. This seems at least a 
reasonable opinion notwithstanding that such stone 
pestles and mortars have been put forward as evidence of 
man inhabiting California far back in the Tertiary period. 
M. de Nadaillac’s chapters on the mound-builders and 
clif-dwellers, and the nations of Mexico and Peru, give 
much popular information. The original French work 
discussed at some length the native American legends of 
deluges and other catastrophes, commemorating the 
mythic forefathers of nations and introducers of religious 
laws, and arts; but the American editor, with better 
judgment of the historical value of these tales, has pared 
them down, leaving the reader to form his judgments on 
more solid matters. Should a new edition of “ Prehistoric 
America” be demanded, it will be well to have the press 
more carefully corrected. So well-known a living authority 
as Prof. Marsh figures as “March,” and it is with an 
effort that one recognises the ancient Chinese emperor 
“To-hi” under the designation of “ Fo-Fli.” At p. 271, 
M. de Nadaillac yields to the common temptation of 
finding the name of the Vahuza nation in the name of 
the country Axahuac, as if it meant “the country of the 
Nahuas by the water ;” but this is grammatically im- 
possible, and indeed the etymology of A-zahuac, meaning 
simply “near the water,” is quite indisputable. 
The interest felt by Americans in the antiquity of man 
on their continent is shown by the appearance of forged 
relics. The so-called “Lenape Stone” is one of the flat 
perforated stones known as gorgets, common in Indian 
graves, but on it is scratched a rude representation of 
hunters attacking a mammoth. When it was produced, 
Mr. Carvill Lewis at once called attention to the obvious 
point, that the mammoth is a palpable imitation of that 
of the cave of La Madeleine, whereas the hunters are 
imitated from the childish modern American Indian 
pictures on bark or deerskin. The artistic power of the 
men of the mammoth-period is shown by its being un- 
consciously conveyed through the hand of so stupid a 
copyist. E. B. TYLOR 
PHYSIOLOGICAL PLANT ANATOMY 
Physiologische Pflanzenanatomie im Grundriss dargestellt. 
Von Dr. G. Haberlandt. (Leipzig: Wilhelm Engel- 
mann, 1884.) 
HEN one recognises the immense importance of 
continually keeping before the student, the fact 
that from whatever standpoint the plant is viewed, 
physiological considerations must never be lost sight of, 
one cannot but welcome the appearance of Dr. Haber- 
landt’s text-book on physiological plant anatomy, and one 
is disposed to do so with more than ordinary favour, 
recalling those chapters on physiological organography 
which appeared some three years ago in Prof. Sachs’s 
“Vorlesungen.” The subject is one to which Dr, 
Haberlandt has specially devoted himself, the present 
volume being in fact the most recent of a series of 
detailed publications. On this account it is not sur- 
prising to find that much of the subject-matter is not 
new, and that of the twelve sections into which the 
book is divided five have already appeared in the article 
in Schenk’s handbook entitled ‘“ Die physiologischen 
Leistungen der Pflanzengewebes.” Dr. Haberlandt’s aim 
on the present occasion is to publish as complete an 
account as may be, of the present history of the subject, 
and the great point upon which he insists, is that the 
whole anatomical structure and the mode of arrangement 
of the various tissues composing the plant, are simply so 
many illustrations of the phenomenon of adaptation to 
physiological needs. 
The first two sections are devoted to the consideration 
of the cell and the formation of tissues. The third treats 
of the tegumentary system, and as far as regards the 
epidermis special stress is laid upon Westermaier’s dis- 
covery that the epidermal cells serve for the storage of 
water, in addition to their well-known protective function. 
