378 The Botanical Gazette. [October, 
Achenial hairs of Composite. 
MARY A. NICHOLS. 
WITH PLATE XXXvVv. f 
In the older systems of classification little attention was 
given to the anatomical structure of plants. It was sufficient 
to consider only morphological characters. There is, how- 
" ever, a growing tendency to study the minute anatomy and. 
bring it into requisition, as Engler and Prantl have done in 
many cases in their admirable work ‘‘Die natiirlichen Pflan- 
zenfamilien.” ‘< 
Many botanists have made comparative studies of different — 
orders, as Leonhard! has done for the Afocynacee, Kuntze? a 
on comparative anatomy of Malvacee and Schumann*® on the ’ 
limits of anatomical variation in the same species. American : 
botanists have not been slow to make use of anatomical charac 
ters when they could do so. Thus Engelmann? long ag? 
called attention to the valuable characters found in the anat-_ 
omy of the pine leaf. Later Coulter and Rose*made a com 
parative study of our North American pines. They 
studied the fruits of Umdbellifere. ® 
In the difficult task of Taine the order Composite 
the most minute details of structure are brought into requis 
tion for the determination of species. ee 
In a paper recently prepared on the sty Pe 
the P sie. Chamberlain? calls attention to the ples 
made in the order since the elaboration of the same Oy 
nzus who divided it into four groups. 
Henri Cassini, Lessing, De Candolle, 
have made use of the style characters in the arrange | 
Bot. Centralblatt. os 
notes uit 
Bentham, and Gray 
ment of 
1LEONHARD, MicHaEL: Beitrage zur Apocynaceen, 
I, 33, 65, 97, and 1209. : - Malvacee®. 
é Row oe Badeoe Beitrige zur vergleichenden Anatomie der Sere 
Bet. Centralblatt. xiv. 161, 197, 229. ; Variatio® 
3 ANN, PauL: Beitrage zur Kenntniss der ae He 356, 35> 
anatomischen Bau derselben Pflanzenart, Bot. Centra bee: 
and xLvI. I. ; te SR 
4ENGELMANN, GEORGE: Trans. St. Louis peer Se Pines, based 
®Coutter, J. M. and Ross, J. N.: a, oF hee 
upon leaf anatomy, Bot. Gazette. xI. 259, : _ 12, 60, Te * 
* otes on Umbellifera of East U.S. Bot. Gazette. *# : 
134,157, 261,261. : Composit, v 
7CHAMBERLAIN, J. S.: Comparative study of the styles of bie 
Torr. Bot. Club, xvur. 175. 
